الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water hammer analysis in low-head hydraulic systems is not less important than analyzing it in high-head systems. Thorley’s equation sometimes does not give accurate pump inertia values, so if you did not get the manufacturer value you should protect your systems against all the possibilities as much as you can. Bentley HAMMER software showed the ability to analyze such systems very good and efficiently. Traditional techniques like enlarging suction pipes diameter and reducing their length were very efficient in helping the protective devices in eliminating the cavitation and pressure fluctuation at the pump suction. Pressure tanks used in the present case study were able to protect the system against all the possibilities but after relocating them appropriately. Surge anticipator valve is an effective alternative for pressure tanks in such systems. For air valves and in this particular case, they are most effective when employed as supplementary devices not as a standalone solution. They are beneficial as auxiliary tool for the anticipator valve.