الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cancer hold the second among the primary global causes of mortality, behind only cardiovascular diseases (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021) The incidence of cancer in the UK is projected to affect one-in-two individuals alive today, signifying a significant increase from the one-in-three estimate reported in 2011, influenced by the longer life expectancy of those born after 1960 (Cancer Research UK, 2021). While an increased capacity to detect cancers also contributes to this rise in incidence, carcinogenesis is recognized by age-dependent; As an individual lives longer, the likelihood of sequential genetic mutations leading to cancerous growths increases (Cancer Research UK, 2021). Due to its complex nature and widespread impact , despite advances in cancer research, the disease remains a formidable challenge for countless researchers striving to eradicate it. Cancer has earned its reputation as ’the emperor of all maladies” (Mukherjee, 2010).Cancer is an array of heterogeneous diseases recognized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, with the ability to initiate in any tissue and eventually invade adjacent tissues or spread to distant organs through the blood or lymphatic system (Fidler, 1989; Rusciano & Burger, 1992). The first record of cancer in history can be traced back to ancient Egypt, where a surgical textbook documented breast tumor cases, acknowledging that, ”There is no treatment”. The term ”cancer” was introduced by Hippocrates, who observed that tumor cross-sections resembled veins extending in multiple directions, much like a crab’s legs, inspiring the name ”cancer” (Paul of Aegina, 7th century AD). Throughout history, the understanding of cancer has evolved, recognizing the diversity of cancer types based on their tissue of origin. Even within the same tissue type, cancers can display significant variations in their mutation profiles and associated features of phenotype (Dagogo-Jack & Shaw, 2018).