الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to implement a finite element model and design an antenna array to
treat breast cancer using hyperthermia by applying microwave irradiation of cancerous tissues
to raise its temperature between 40 to 44 °C with and without nanomaterials. There
temperatures are cytotoxic for the cancerous tissues, which have a low blood perfusion,
making it difficulties to get rid of the heat, thus causing apoptosis of cancerous cells as a
direct response to applied heat. A circular microstrip patch antenna array was applied in this
study to show the viability and safety of using microwave-induced hyperthermia treatment for
breast cancer. It was used with and without nanomaterials. However, it is still challenging to
apply targeted heat treatment without putting neighboring healthy tissues in jeopardy.
To better understand the localization of heating brought on by microwave irradiation,
which was being studied for the prevention of damage, the treatment of hyperthermia, and the
early detection of abnormalities, nanomaterials were used as a microwave absorber. There may
be an accumulation of nanomaterials in or around tumor areas, which might aid in concentrating
heat solely on the tumors. Nanopartciles-assisted hyperthermia treatment numerical modelling
may be used as a technique for pretreatment planning to investigate temperature distribution
throughout the body and modify temperature parameters before hyperthermia. The most
fundamental problem with the current numerical simulation is the common assumption that the
model has a rather than the real geometry, use basic phantom geometry.
In the present realistic breast tissue model, A device with a microwave applicator
(microstrip patch antenna) operating at 2.45 GHz was used to directly study microwave
imaging and hyperthermia therapy of malignant tissues employing nanoparticles and two
temperature monitors within and outside breast cancers. CST studio was used to provide
simulated findings for SAR values and transient temperature inside normal and cancerous
breast tissues.
Results from our finite modeling simulation of hypethermia treatment of breast cancer
showed the following:
1. SAR results at 2.45 GHz within the tumor without prescence of NPs was 0.031 W/kg.
2. Without using NPs, the temperature inside breast tumor tissues was 38.81 °C as compared
to 37.5 °C of the outside normal breast tissues at frequency 2.45 GHz.
3. When using silver naniparcticles (Ag-NPs), the temperature inside breast tumor tissues
rose to 42.44 °C as compared to 39.0 °C of the outside normal breast tissues at frequency
2.45 GHz.
4. When using gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), the temperature inside breast tumor tissues rose
to 44.26 °C as compared to 39.0 °C of the outside normal breast tissues at frequency 2.45
GHz.
5. When using aluminium nanoparticles (Al-NPs), the temperature inside breast tumor
tissues rose to 40.63 °C as compared to 39.0 °C of the outside normal breast tissues at
frequency 2.45 GHz.
Thus, when adding Au-NPs the temperature rises over 44 °C, and the hyperthermia is
realised at 2.45 GHz without damaging the nearby healthy tissue but adding Ag-NPs and Al-
NPs didn‟t increase the temperature to sufficient levels to enhance hyperthermia treatment of
breast cancer tissues.