الفهرس 
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Abstract
Solar energy is abundant and sustainable energy that photovoltaic (PV) cells can transform directly into electricity. Several conditions such as temperature and solar
irradiance, influence the power production of PV systems .
The first part of this thesis presents Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods that have been developed and used in PV systems to improve productivity due to changing weather conditions.
This Thesis proposes an efficient and usable control system based on the FLC method to achieve the MPPT from PV system under different conditions.
FLC is studied under various conditions of differing solar irradiance values. The main contribution of this Thesis is the practical and mathematical investigation of the proposed method. Besides, a thorough comparison is made between the application of the proposed control method and the P&O, and IC methods to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
The second part of this thesis discusses how to design an optimal off-grid PV scheme. The purpose of this study is to estimate the power demand of an irrigation
load on a fruit farm in Egypt by using the solar resources of the region under study. The performance evaluation of an optimal off-grid PV energy systems mainly depends on the Total Net Present Cost (TNPC), which is used as a metric to measure the competitiveness of the off-grid PV scheme, the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and the Surplus Energy Percentage (SEP), which are used to evaluate the reliability of the proposed system.
Multi-Objective optimization of an optimal off-grid PV energy systems was introduced to feed sufficient energy to a fruit farm located on 60 acres in Alexandria, Egypt’s new city of Borg El Arab, Drip irrigation and artesian wells are used on the property.
The farm is made up of 40 acres of apple trees and 20 acres of grapes. Mathematical models were presented to estimate the output power of the off-grid PV energy system. The results showed the optimum number of PV panels, and the battery banks, The TNPC of the system and the cost of kWh generated from the proposed system, the Surplus Energy Percentage (SEP).
In this Thesis, the interrelationship between off-grid PV energy system and demand was studied in terms of off-grid PV energy system ability to supply the demand, where three cases were proposed to study this relationship. The results of the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) involves three objective functions: The Total Net present Cost (TNPC), the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and the Surplus Energy Percentage (SEP)
Finally, examines an experimental model of a PV system is executed in the laboratory (Smart Systems Labs). The experimental investigation centers around analysis the performance of a PV grid system during variety of the natural conditions (step , ramp and random Irradiance profiles ).
Based on simulation and experimental outcomes, clearly the experimental results were in a good agreement with the simulation results.