الفهرس 
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Abstract
Current control measures of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in small ruminants has been compromised by the emergence of drug resistant parasite populations to the commonly used broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Therefore, the need of an alternative approaches is necessary to overcome and reduce this chemical residues phenomenon. Using of natural compounds such as plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) are important in this respect. The serum profiling of H. contortus experimentally infected sheep showed a significant decrease in levels of some trace elements such as Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Se and Tl into severe deficient ranges. The supplementation of such microminerals can help in improvement of host response in term of resistance and thereby acquisition of natural immunity to parasitic gastroenteritis. The current study was investigated the anti-parasitic efficacy of coriander essential oil and five pure essential oil components (geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool) against six gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep ( H. contortus, T. axei, T. circumcincta, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and C. oncophora) using larval motility assay with development of a fluorometric bioassay. The combined treatment of EOs components offered more synergistic effect on larval motility indicated by extensive cuticular damage in the exposed third larval stages (L3s). The agreement between sytox green and larval motility assay makes a fluorometric microplate assay based on sytox green a valuable alternative approach for high-throughput anthelmintic testing purposes. The polymeric encapsulation of EOs components (linalool, geraniol and eugenol) proposed as potent alternative natural anthelmintic produced by continuous flow-focusing microfluidic method in a chitosan coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles to enhance their bioavailability for post ruminal delivery in eradication of H. contortus in sheep. In Conclusion, the encapsulated oils in chitosan coated particles up to concentrations of 5 μg/mL was non cytotoxic and has no adverse effect cell growth, viability and cell membrane integrity. It also induced a substantial anthelmintic effect observed on inhibition of larval and adult worm motility at lower concentrations of EOs (1.25 µg/ml) with considerable structural damage of cuticles revealed the strong synergistic effect of combined EOs and the additive effect of chitosan.