الفهرس 
EchocardiographyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Echocardiography is now the most commonly employed imaging and hemodynamic modality for the assessment of cardiovascular pathophysiology. Newer technologies such as Fetal echocardiography & Transesophageal echocardiography have expanded the diagnostic role of pediatric echocardiography .The advent of transesophageal 2-dimensional echocardiography (TEE) has led to progressive improvement in the outcomes of the cardiac surgery. TEE has assumed a pivotal role in the perioperative management of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Preoperative TEE accurately defines the anatomy of the cardiovascular system & the information obtained influences important therapeutic dicision in the cardiovascular surgery.TEE has been proved to be very useful in the operating room for assessment of the adequacy of surgical repair.Postoperative TEE is mainly used in the intensive care unit just after the cardiac surgery. TEE is proved to be valuable in diagnosing occult cases of clinical instability that are usually surgically correctable & providing earlier recognition of complications in the intensive care unit.