الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The kidney is not only a target of hormone action, but it also synthesizes, modifies, and secretes hormones that influence non-renal functions such as erythropoiesis and bone metabolism. Hormones synthesized by the kidney include; erythropoietin, renin, calcitriol, renal Kinins, and eicosanoids. Furthermore, it is now established that the kidney is an important site of hormone metabolism and clearance. The metabolic abnormalities associated with ESRD reflect the com-plexity of uremia and can occur despite effective dialysis and adequate biochemical control and respond only to successful renal transplantation. Some disturbances result from renal retention of hormones due to decreased GFR resulting in impaired renal clearance of the hormone without over production as in Prolactin, Insulin, Glucagon, Calcitonin, and Leptin. Other hor¬mones are produced excessively to compensate for reten¬tion of other solutes as Parathyroid hormone. Still others are inadequately pro¬duced either because of deficient functional renal tissue as in erythropoietin and calcitriol, or because of toxic injury to the relevant endocrine organs as in testosterone, estrogen, and progestrone. Some hormones are protein bound insufficiently in ure¬mic plasma, and some tissues do not respond appro¬priately to normal or even elevated plasma levels of the hormones that modulate their function as in Insulin, Growth hormone, PTH, Erythropoietin, and calcitriol. Dialy¬sis may improve some endocrine disturbances, yet renal transplantation is considered as the definitive mean of management. It is worth to be noted that correction of anemia and the administration of rHuEPO can improve directly the state of tissue peripheral resistance developed with some hormones, improve sexual function, cognitive functions, Immunity, and generally the quality of life of these patients.