الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic venous insufficiency of lower limb is a major problem whether in diagnosis or in treatment. Primary deep vein incompetence is an important abnormality which should always be considered as a possible diagnosis in patients with clinical features of the calf pump failure syndrome. In evaluating venous insufficiency, there are different methods for investigation including noninvasive methods which is widely available, simple, quick, and cost-effective. Despite the introduction in recent years of alternative methods of investigation, phlebography continues to play an important role in the management of venous disease. Surgical treatment of problems of deep venous insufficiency has been greatly progressed with reconstructive surgery of the valves in the deep veins of the thigh and popliteal level. Furthermore, bypass procedure have been developed to correct the problems of chronic venous occlusion.