الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pain is a protective reflex which is initiated by affection of pain sensitive structures, where pain signals are transmitted along special pathways to be percepted and modulated by the central nervous system. The evaluation of those patients with headache by appropriate history, examination and investigations enables physicians to reach correct diagnosis. Most headaches are benign and secondary to benign illness, however others could be manifestations of serious diseases. Care should be given in treatment of these conditions with analgesics to avoid rebound headache, moreover, psychologic disability of this type should be considered in treating those patients. Structures in face could be causes for headache and facial pain. The eye can be a cause through painful ophthalmoplegias including vascular, infections, haematologic and neoplastic eye conditions. Besides, other ophthalmological disorders, among which errors of refraction and diplopia may be the commonest. Dental causes of headaches are broadly four categories, Dental conditions as caries, pulpitis, erosions, dentine exposure, occlusal trauma and unerupted teeth. The second is periodontal infection and the remaining categories are Costen’s syndrome and Bruxism. TMJ has special consideration, as many causes of headache may be referred to TMJ and pain from TMJ can be referred to many structures in the head. The precipitation and presentation are usually related to the jaw movement. Treatment of these problems is usually staged, starting by conservative lines as analgesics and bite applicans and may proceed to surgery in some cases. e.g. arthroscopic or open joint operations. The nose and paranasal sinuses represent clear causes of facial pain and headaches among sinusitis and other conditions. e.g. deviated septum, nasal trauma and neoplasms. Diagnosis of these types depends on accurate history and examination with exclusion of any interlacing other disease.