الفهرس 
developmentandanatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
There are variable forms of auricular malformation according to the severity from simple malformation like absence of the tragus, absence of Darwin’s tubercle, additional folds, colobomata, lobule deformities (macro lobule, absence of the lobule, lobule colobomata) to protruding ear to microtia up to complete anotia. Surgical techniques for microtia Stage I: Framework Construction and Placement Stage II: Lobule Creation Stage III: Atresia Repair Stage IV: Tragal Creation Stage V: Auricular Elevation Surgical techniques for prominent ear 1. Mustarde technique (concha-fossa sutures): These sutures create or augment the roll of the antihelix by approximating the scaphoid fossa closer to the concha. 2. Concha-mastoid suture modification: They lower or flatten the protruding concha, diminishing the distance between the conchal rim and the mastoid area. 3. Fossa-fascia suture modification:The anchorage point selected is in the borderland of the deep temporal fascia. Surgical techniques for constricted ear 1. Skin Incision and cartilage excision: A skin incision is made on the lateral surface along its free rim. The lid-like turning down of the helical cartilage is excised. 2. Cartilage flap: A cartilage incision at the location of the desired superior crus is made and the edges are spread apart to create a recipient area. The cartilage flap is raised and turned upward 180 degrees to fill the recipient area. The buckling cartilage at the pivot point is excised. Surgical techniques for cryptotia (1) Recreation of an auriculocephalic sulcus. (2) Correction of any cartilaginous deformity. (3) Release of abnormal auricular muscle insertion. (4) Provision of additional skin as needed for coverage of exposed cartilage or temporal scalp defects.