الفهرس 
ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTION, CLIMATIC CHANGES AND SMART SYSTEMSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The thesis explores the impact of climatic changes and recent high energy demands on public buildings such as museums and heritage spaces. Recognizing the complexity of these structures in terms of operational daylighting and energy loads, a quantitative methodology was proposed to identify gaps through a comparative checklist of 50 global museums and heritage spaces. These case studies, which all prioritize sustainability, were analyzed to determine the effective factors influencing building performance. The checklist was classified based on construction type, either renovated or newly built and the outdoor climate according to the Köppen-Geiger classification (hot, average, cold). The aim was to identify the most frequently applied techniques, which were subsequently categorized into eight areas: mass design techniques, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) techniques, envelope techniques, renewable energy, recyclable materials, waste reduction, water efficiency, and innovative techniques.
Two of the top three most utilized techniques were related to architectural design: mass design and envelope techniques. These were further subdivided into six categories based on case study analysis: shading by mass, tilted roofs, atriums, mass recess and extrusion, underground excavation, and courtyards. The most efficient and applied factors were then incorporated into a base model for subsequent simulation stages.
The simulation phase involved comparing various objectives related to daylighting and energy loads to optimize these factors simultaneously. By applying the selected techniques to the base model and considering different climatic classifications, the study sought to understand the nature of each climate, its response to high energy demands, and the most effective architectural techniques. The base model included variable parameters such as glazing, shading, and horizontal and vertical mass configuration, while climate and building materials remained constant. Through multi-objective optimization, the optimal model configuration was identified, efficiently addressing daylighting and energy loads sustainably.
The simulation phase was divided into two stages. The first stage varied glazing and shading parameters, while the second stage adjusted horizontal and vertical model configurations. Each stage simultaneously compared three main objectives: Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), and total thermal load, aiming to align these objectives for optimal daylighting and energy performance. The goal was to meet ASHRAE standards, with maximum ASE of 10% and minimum sDA of 70%, while minimizing thermal loads. After completing the multi-objective optimization, an additional phase introduced a dynamic façade adaptive to the building’s indoor climate to optimize thermal loads and enhance sustainability.
The results demonstrated that the optimized thresholds for sDA and ASE were achieved while maintaining average thermal loads. For a hot climate (Cairo), the model achieved an sDA of 83.1%, ASE of 9.4%, and a total thermal load of 163.6 kWh. In an average climate (London), the results were an sDA of 83.3%, ASE of 2.9%, and a total thermal load of 149.1 kWh. In a cold climate (Moscow), the model achieved an sDA of 83.3%, ASE of 0.7%, and a total thermal load of 286.8 kWh.
The analysis revealed that in hot climates, such as Cairo, mass variations (horizontal expansion or vertical shifting) significantly influenced energy and daylighting optimization. The first stage of optimization, focusing on glazing and shading, accounted for over 90% of the targeted ASE optimization. Techniques like shading by mass and underground excavation were key to optimizing results in hot climates. For average climates (London), the second stage had a greater impact, contributing to 89.26% of ASE optimization. Increasing the window-to-wall ratio was crucial for optimizing daylighting and energy loads in London.
For cold climates (Moscow), the second phase, which optimized glazing and shading parameters, was the most influential. Optimizing parameters such as window size, window-to-wall ratio, and window height were essential for achieving the objectives. In London, the base model achieved a low ASE of 2.9% by increasing the window-to-wall ratio in all orientations. In Cairo, self-shading techniques, such as increasing built-up areas at higher levels while reducing floor area at lower levels, were key to achieving optimal results. Thermal load optimization requires smart responsive façades to minimize costs and ensure the sustainability of heritage spaces.
The study concludes that architectural design decisions made during the preconstruction phase are crucial for maintaining daylighting and energy thresholds in museum environments. Multi-objective optimization is an effective technique for achieving sustainable standards for museum indoor climates. This research provides valuable insights into optimal architectural techniques for heritage buildings, emphasizing the importance of learning from previous case studies. The findings highlight that smart systems require careful planning to avoid unnecessary optimization due to poor architectural considerations, underscoring the importance of architectural design in supporting smart systems for museums facing unique conditions and challenges.