الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance with initial onset or recognition during pregnancy. The prevalence of women with GDM is increasing globally, ranging from 5.8% to 12.9% depending on the screening procedure and population characteristics (Mao et al., 2020).
GDM influences health outcomes for the mother and child in the short and the long term. Women with GDM have an increased risk of caesarean section (CS) and developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life. A child born to a mother with GDM has an increased risk of prematurity, macrosomia and T2DM in adult life (Wicklow & Retnakaran, 2023).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) Pregnant women experience immunologic and physiologic changes which might make them more susceptible to viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19.”,pregnancy may increase the risk of severe illness, morbidity, or mortality. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began, perinatal women with gestational diabetes have experienced psychological stress due to changes in labor and delivery hospital policies and limited follow up visits, possible perinatal COVID-19 transmission and COVID-19 clinical maternal-infant outcomes. These perinatal-related stressors are in addition to the economic and mental health issues that many people are currently experiencing. (Chahed et al., 2022).
The aim of the study was to Evaluate the effect of Self-Learning Module About Coping and Health Behaviors for Gestational Diabetic Women During COVID19 Pandemic through:
1. Assessing the Coping and Health Behaviors for Gestational Diabetic Women During COVID19 Pandemic.
2. Developing and implementing Self-Learning Module About Coping and Health Behaviors for Gestational Diabetic Women During COVID 19 Pandemic based on women needs assessed.
3. Evaluating the effect of Self-Learning Module on Coping and Health Behaviors for Gestational Diabetic Women During COVID 19 Pandemic.
The current study was conducted at out patient clinics at ain shams university hospitals and they were selected through simple random sampling technique.
Four tools of data collection were used as the following
Tool I: Structured interviewing questionnaire:
It was designed by the researcher after reviewing the related literature and it was reviewed by supervisors. Data was collected by using the self-structured questionnaire after obtaining informed consent.
Part I: to assess pregnant women general characteristics such as: age, education level, place of residence, employment status.
Part II: to assess current pregnancy history of the Pregnant women as
Gestational age, antenatal follow up, blood glucose level,treatment type.
Part III: To assess pregnant women knowledge regarding gestational diabetes as definition, causes, signs and symptoms, healthy behaviors, coping strategies and treatment.
Tool II: Prenatal Health Behavior (PHBS) scale
It was adapted from (Auerbach et al., 2019). to assess health behavior, it consists of 10 items as (exercise, rest, healthy diet).
Tool III: COVID-19 related health behaviors
It was adapted from Pope et al. (2021) to assess women’s adherence to COVID-19 related health behaviors.
Tool IV: JALOWIEC coping Scale
It was adopted from Jalowiec (2018), to assess the frequency and effectiveness of different coping behaviors.
Results:
- Regarding General characteristics of the current study results showed that slightly more than one third of the studied sample ranged between 20≤ 25 years with a mean age 28.4 ±5.5 years.
- There was a statistically significant differences on all aspects of knowledge among the studied sample between pre and post intervention p-value <.0001. as the total score of knowledge pre intervention was 7.7%of studied sample reached to 92.5%at post intervention.
- There was statistically significant differences on all aspects of gestational diabetes self care among studied sample P<0.001at pre &post intervention.
- As 83.3% of studied sample measured their blood glucose at pre intervention reached to 97% at post intervention.
- There was a highly statistical differences between pre and post intervention regarding to all elements of health promoting behavior among studied sample.(p<0.001),as total score of health behaviors pre intervention was 7.5% satisfactory level while 83.3% had satisfactory level post intervention.
- There was a high statistical significant difference between pre and post intervention regarding all aspects of covid19 health behavior of women.
- There was a high statistical significant difference of total score regarding coping behaviors of studied sample between pre and post intervention p<0.0001
- As 45.5%of studied sample had satisfactory level of total coping score at pre intervention compared to 68.3% of them had satisfactory coping level at post-intervention
- There was a statistically significant relation between total health behavior, knowledge, coping and age, as well as education (p<0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant relation with occupation or residence (p>0.005).
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the present study, the researcher concluded that:
The findings of the present study supported the research hypothesis. There was a positive effect of SLM about coping and health behaviors for gestational diabetic women during COVID 19 pandemic on enhancing women knowledge, healthy behaviors and coping regarding GDM. As the majority of women had satisfactory level of knowledge, healthy behaviors and coping at post intervention compared to pre intervention.
In addition, there was a positive correlation between knowledge, health behavior and coping.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the present study the following recommendations are suggested:
- Apply continuous health education program about GDM to increase awareness of women about healthy behaviors during covid 19 pandemic.
- Implementation of self learning module among antenatal care unites for improving knowledge and self care related to GDM among pregnant women during covid 19 pandemic.
- Replication of the study on a large sample size and other different institutions for generalizing the findings.
• Further study is needed to
The effect of self learning module on knowledge, attitude and self-care practices among pregnant women with gestational diabetes.