الفهرس 
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Abstract
”Introduction: Globally, the increased prevalence of dental caries in children makes the need for dental re-mineralizing agents necessary. To the best of our knowledge there are little published clinical trials on the effectiveness of nano- re-mineralizing agents but, without comparing between them. Objectives: To compare the cariostatic and re-mineralizing efficacy of 400 μg/ml nano silver fluoride (NSF), 10% nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnishes on young permanent teeth. Methods: This study was a three-arm parallel, randomized, controlled clinical trial. One hundred and twenty children aged from 7-10 years old were randomly divided into three groups: 40 in each group. The clinical evaluation of dental surfaces was done by one masked examiner using ICDAS II and enamel biopsy method (the selected children should have at least one permanent teeth with score 0 and 1 or 2), according to ICDAS II criteria. Varnish application was annually for NSF while, biannually for n-HAP and NaF varnishes and followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Kruskal Wallis test and Chi-square test were used to compare the groups during different follow-up visits. Conclusion: Annual application of NSF varnish can be recommended as an effective method of prevention and treatment of initial caries-lesion instead of biannual application of n-HAP and NaF varnishes.