الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
After obtaining an informed consent by all patients participating in the study, this study started after the approval for conduction of the thesis practical and reviewed the Ethical considerations of Study procedures by Research ethics committee of faculty of medicine, Alexandria University.
The patients were subjected to the following:
- Detailed historical assessment including: Personal, menstrual, obstetric, current, past and familial medical background.
- Complete Physical Examination including:
• General examinations (Blood pressure measurement, Heart rate, Weight, Height, Lower limb edema).
• Abdominal (obstetric) examination.
- Investigations:
• Routine baseline investigations: CBC, ABO, RH typing, fasting blood glucose assessment, quantification of albuminuria, liver function tests, kidney function assessments, and urine analysis
• A standard sonographic assessment was conducted, and involved a transabdominal obstetric ultrasound examination to verify gestational age. This was entailed measuring the biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL), estimating fetal weight (EFW), determining the