الفهرس 
CONTENTS
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Abstract
This study is shedding the light on the forensic entomology science which considered very limited in Egypt. Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the composition of forensic insects encountered on rabbits’ cadavers in the different seasons and to Evaluate the use of forensically important animal cadaver insects as reliable alternate toxicological specimens, most important forensic insects inhabiting decomposition rabbit carrions treated with Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol and histological studies on the effect of Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol on the liver and kidney of rabbit under laboratory conditions.
Results procured throughout this work can be summarized as follows:
I. Seasonal appearance of forensic insects encountered on rabbits’ cadavers in Assiut Governorate, Egypt
1- Forensic entomology is considered the science that applies insect biology to criminal investigations, using insects and other arthropods to uncover the circumstances of criminal cases. Herein, we recorded the seasonal appearance of forensic insects encountered on rabbits’ cadavers during four seasons (2021-2022) in Egypt under Assiut conditions.
2- As results, numerous forensic insects attracted cadavers during the four seasons (2021-2022). Plus, ten adult insects observed belong to seven families under two orders Coleoptera and Diptera. Four coleopteran insects belonging to 4 families were monitored for instance, Carabidae (Harpalus rufipes), Histeridae (Saprinus blanchei), Staphylinidiae (Creophillus maxillosus), Dermestidae (Dermestes frischii). Six dipteran insects belong to 3 families were determined such as Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata, chrysomya refifacies and chrysomya albiceps), Muscidae (Musca domestica), and Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga carnaria).
3- Taxa of order Diptera emerged early from day one immediately after death on cadavers followed by taxon of order coleoptera that popped up lately.
4- The present study stated that chrysomya albiceps larvae were the most important component of insect succession on rabbit carcasses during all seasons because it was the most abundant species in all seasons. It which can elucidate its domination over Calliphoridae larvae chrysomya albiceps is valuable in delimiting the minimum (PMI).
II. Histological studies on the effect of Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol on the liver and kidney of rabbit under laboratory conditions
1- This study was to investigate the effects of different doses of Tramadol and Aluminum Phosphide on histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys.
2- Light microscopic examination of rabbit carcasses treated by Aluminum Phosphide, showed the toxic effect of Aluminum Phosphide on the liver, as the Aluminum Phosphide-treated group showed central venous congestion, degeneration of hepatocytes, and mononuclear infiltration and portal inflammation and infiltration by mononuclear inflammatory cells. In addition, histopathological evidence of renal damage was observed after the administration of Aluminum Phosphide in the form of glomeruli, intraparenchymal congestion, tubular dilatation, and hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelial cells.
3- Light microscopic examination of rabbit carcasses treated by Tramadol, showed the histopathological results of the current study support the toxic effect of Tramadol on the liver, as Tramadol-treated rabbits showed hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, apoptotic nuclei, and occasional binucleation. Congestion of the central veins, proliferation of bile ducts, cellular infiltration, hemorrhage, and fibrosis of blood vessels. In addition, histopathological evidence of renal damage was observed after the administration of Tramadol.
4- Generally, vacuolization in the endothelial cells of renal tubules of the kidney and degeneration and pyknotic of the hepatocyte nuclei in the liver in Tramadol-administered rabbits can be considered evidence of renal and liver damage.
III. Forensic insects inhabiting decomposition rabbit Carrions treated with Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol in Assiut Northern Upper Egypt
1- This study provides basic information of the entomological fauna of forensic importance in Assiut, Egypt. It was conducted on insects that were noticed on decayed exposed rabbit carcasses intoxicated with Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol during summer and winter seasons of the year 2021; where Aluminum Phosphide is a mean of suicide and Tramadol is a narcotic (performing opioid).
2- High temperature conditions when carcasses are subjected to the sun accelerate the decaying process faster than cooler darker conditions of winter in general, carcasses decomposed faster during summer seasons because of the large attraction of insects to bodies in warmer climates. The decomposition process in this work started from head regions in most animals and was noticed later in the all-body parts during the experiments. This occurred because the oviposition of dipterous flies began firstly at body orifices including mouth, nose, ears and eyes.
3- All control rabbit carcasses rabbit carcasses decayed faster than the other groups of Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol bodies (½ LD50, LD50 and 2 LD50) regardless of season.
4- Generally, richness and numbers of collected species differed according to the climatic conditions, the geographic region, the killing methods and the antemortem ingestion of drugs or toxins as demonstrated by many authors.
Conclusion
1. Although forensic entomology is useful in criminal investigations, it is still an emerging field in Egypt.
2. Studies completed to date have been limited to identification of insect taxa found on carcasses during different stages of decomposition in different seasons and this information can subsequently be used to determine PMI.
3. Taxa of the order Diptera appeared early from the first day after death on cadavers followed by taxon of the order Coleoptera. Future studies are needed regarding the application of forensic entomology in various criminal investigation such as murder cases and human neglect.
4. Outlining of decomposing-insect fauna data base for different localities, climatic conditions, and different toxins is crucial in the determination of PMI.
5. Generally, in this study, decomposition process observed to have a slower rate in winter. Tramadol and Aluminum Phosphide influenced prolongation of the development of decomposing insects which is an important indication of cause of death and may be a useful tool for PMI estimation based on entomological evidence.
6. Tramadol and ALP poisoning can affect multiple organ systems, including the liver and kidney
7. Our results indicated that there are toxic effects of Aluminum Phosphide and Tramadol on the liver and kidney of the rabbits including histopathological changes and these changes are dose dependent. So, patients using Tramadol for long times should be checked regularly for their liver and kidney functions can achieve the aim sustainable development goals (SDGs)
8. Further research is required to detect and analyze pesticides and drug residues in insects’ bodies associated with animal cadavers.