الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: IDDM) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells and is characterized by the presence of insulitis and beta cell auto antibodies.
Vitamin B12 or cobalamin is a water soluble vitamin that have a fundamental role in DNA synthesis, erythropoiesis and nerve function. Therefore clinical features of vitamin B12 deficiency hence, are predominantly those of hematological and neurocognitive dysfunction.
Biochemical and clinical vitamin B12 deficiency has been demonstrated to be prevalent among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
B12 deficiency causes permanent debilitating peripheral neuropathy, balance and gait disorders, tremors, frequent falls, and visual disturbances. It also shares many of the outcomes as diabetes, by attacking the autonomic nervous system (i.e. gastroparesis, impotence, urinary incontinence).
However, there is insufficient data regarding association between vitamin B12 deficiency and T1DM in the Egyptian population.