الفهرس 
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Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of grape seed extract on remineralization of enamel compared to the
effect of sodium fluoride.
Methodology: A total of 30 intact bovine incisor crowns were separated from their roots and
immersed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hours at 37°C to create artificial enamel lesions. The
demineralized specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10); Negative control
(deionized water), intervention (6.5% grape seed extract), and positive control (1000 ppm sodium
fluoride solutions). The demineralized specimens were subjected to six daily pH cycles for eight
days. Microhardness test was carried out at baseline stage, after artificial caries formation stage, and
after pH cycling stage. Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the depth of enamel
remineralization. Surface morphology and elemental analysis were assessed using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) spectroscope, respectively. The
significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0.
Results: There was a significant increase in the mean values of enamel surface hardness after
application of the treatment solutions in all groups. Results of the B-type carbonate/phosphate ratio
at 10 and 40 µm depth revealed that there was no significant difference between grape seed extract
and sodium fluoride groups, with higher value than deionized water group. The SEM micrograph
revealed occlusion of the porosities and precipitation of particles on the enamel surface of the grape
seed extract and sodium fluoride groups, while the deionized water group showed a rough
appearance with considerable porosity. The EDX results for the Ca/P ratio of the deionized water,
grape seed extract, and sodium fluoride groups were 1.39, 1.59, and 1.60, respectively.
Conclusion: Grape seed extract can be considered a promising natural alternative for the noninvasive treatment of enamel carious lesions.