الفهرس 
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Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine the following areas to determine if antibiotics given to chickens throughout their life cycle affect the bacteriological count in their meat:
1-The counts of mesophilic, enterobacterial, and coliform bacteria in samples taken from the breast and thighs at 15 and 35 days into the production cycle...
2-The mould and yeast counts in the breast and thigh samples at 15 and 35 days into the manufacturing cycle.
3–Mold and yeast identification in breast and thigh samples taken at 15 and 35 days into the produce cycle.
3–Antibiotic residue determination in breast and thigh samples taken at 15 and 35 days into the production cycle.
The broilers used in this study came from a private farm on the Egypt–Alexandria route. The nutrition that the broiler chicks were given was balanced. The chicks were fed a starter diet until they were 20 days old, and then they were switched to a finisher diet that they were given from the 21st day until the experiment came to a conclusion. Everyone has access to unlimited food and water. After being fumigated with formalin and potassium permanganate, the chicks were kept in clean, well-ventilated, individual experimental rooms. The floor was covered with 3.5 centimeters of litter, which consisted of fresh, clean chopped wheat straw. Appropriate quantities of feeders and water utensils were given for each room. Appropriate feeders and water were made available to every flock of birds. (Gheith, 2008).
Experimental design
Breast and thigh meat from broilers was taken at 15 and 35 days of age and promptly sent to the lab in an ice box for microbiological and pharmacological testing.
The microbiological examination includes
1.Mesophilic bacterial counts
2-Enterobacteriaceae count (ICMSF, 1978):
3-Coliform counts
4-Yeast and mould counts.
5-Identification of mould and yeasts.
6-Identification of antibiotic residues in breast and thigh muscles.
The present results indicated that:-
1-The higher incidences of mesophilc bacteria observed in thigh muscles at 35 days of experiment as 89.91 X 103 followed by its levels in breast muscles at 35 days as 82.15 X 103 cfu/g.
2-The higher incidences of enterobacteriaceae bacteria observed in breast muscles at 35 days of experiment as 9.04 X 103 followed by its levels in thiag muscles at 35 days as it 3.21 X 103 cfu/g.
3-The higher incidences of coliformis bacteria observed in breast muscles at 15 days of experiment as it 1.64 X 103 followed by its levels in breast muscles at 35 days as it 0.45 X 103 cfu/g .
4-The higher incidences of moulds observed in breast amd thigh muscles at 35 days of experiment as it 0.03 X 103 cfu/g .
5-The higher inciendences of yeast observed in thigh muscles at 15 days of experiment as it 0.11 X 103 followed by its levels in breast muscles at 15 days as it 0.04 X 103 cfu/g .
A- Fungi and yeast examination:
a- Fungi:-
Compared to the 15-day trial, the 35-day one showed much greater occurrences of fungus. At 15 days into the experiment, Penicillium was found in 5 (38.47 percent) of the examined breast and thigh nuclei, while at the beginning of the trial, it was found in 10 (76.92 percent) of the samples. Next on the list was Aspergillus fumigatus, with a level of 3.0% in the breast muscle and 2.9% in the thigh muscles after 15 days of the trial. after 15 days into the trial, the Asperigillus niger level in the thigh muscles was 3 (or 23.18%), after 15 days and 35 days, it was 25.39%, and at 35 days, it was 1.70% in the breast muscles.There were three cases of Aspergillus flavus (23.08 percent) in the thigh muscles after fifteen days of the experiment, two cases of 15.39 percent at fifteen and thirty-five days, and one case of 7.70 percent at thirty-five days.
b-Yeast :-
There were more yeasts detected after 35 days of the experiment compared to 15 days. The 35-day experiment showed the highest incidence of Candida albicans in breast muscle (12 cases, or 92.31 percent), followed by thigh muscle (1 case, or 84.62%), while the 15-day experiment showed the lowest incidences, with 10 cases (or 76.72%) in breast muscle and 8 cases (or 61.54%) in thigh muscle. Although the incidences of Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus are comparable, the former was found in thigh muscle at 15 days of the experiment at 2 (15.39%), while the latter was found in breast muscle at 35 and 15 days at 1 (7.70%). However, no incidence was recorded in breast muscle at 35 days of the experiment. However, no Rhadotorulla Spp. infections were found in the breast or thighs samples tested at any of the times during the trials.
C-Antibiotic examination:
Among the antibiotics studied, Cefotaxime (Cefatax) showed the highest levels of residues in the breast at 35 days, reaching 9.56, and in the breast muscles at 15 days, reaching 8.55; in the thigh muscles, it reached 8.24 at 35 days, and 5.32 at 15 days.
There was an increase in the Macroloides group (Erythromycin) occurrences. In the breast muscles, it peaked at 7.67 after 15 days of experimentation, in the thigh muscles at 6.44 after 35 days, and in the breast muscles at 6.25 after 35 days. In the thigh muscles, it peaked at 4.23 after 15 days of experimentation, the lowest level.The Gentamycine group was the only one that revealed higher residues in the muscles of the thighs and breasts when looking at the occurrences of aminoglycosides.After 35 days of testing, the gentamycin incidence in the breast muscle was 7.55 and in the thigh muscle it reached 7.29.
At 15 days, the levels of Gentamycin residues in the breast muscle were 6.25 and in the thigh muscle they were 6.78, respectively.Additionally, the occurrences of tetracycline groups were studied, with cholorotetracycline being the only one that exhibited higher residues in the muscles of the breast and thighs.
The cholorotetracycline levels in the breast muscles reached 7.55 and in the thigh muscles it reached 7.29 after 35 days of the trial. In contrast, cholorotetracycline residues in breast and thigh muscles were 6.25 and 6.78, respectively, after 15 days.
However, that was cleaned by the (Linoca Camgid group), which comprises the greater residue of (Kincomycin and Clindamycine).At 35 days into the trial, the thigh muscle showed the highest incidence of Kinamycin at 7.55 and the breast muscle at 6.75. While in the thigh muscle it reached 0.57 and in the breast muscle it reached 0.44 after 15 days. Although clindamycine concentrations peaked at 3.55 and 2.44 mg/dL, respectively, in breast and thigh muscles after 15 days of the trial.Our findings pertain to the fluoroquinone class, which includes flumequin and danofloxacin, two antibiotics often used to treat bacterial infections in broiler farms.
At 35 days into the trial, the flumequine residue in the thigh muscle was 6.57 and in the breast muscle it reached 5.66. At the fifteen-day mark of the trial, the residue in the breast muscle was 0.44 and in the thigh muscle it was 0.57, respectively.The levels of Danofloxacin residue in the breast muscle reached 3.90 and in the thigh muscle 3.77 days after the studies began. Beta-Lactam antibiotics, among which penicillin, amoxicillin, and benzyl-penicillin are the most common,At 15 days, the levels of pencillium residue in the breast muscle were 2.1 and 2.40, respectively, whereas the levels of penicillin residue were 0.5 and 0.22, respectively. At 15 days, the levels of Amoxicillin residue in the breast muscle were 2.10 and 0.55, respectively.
By 35 days of the trial, the levels of Amoxicillin residue in the thigh muscle had dropped to 0.25 and 0.55, respectively. The levels of Benzyl-Penicillin residue in the breast and thigh muscles were 2.55 and 3.44, respectively, during 15 days of the trial, and 0.56 and 0.45, respectively, at 35 days of the experiment, indicating a decrease.However, no Rhadotorulla Spp. infections were found in the breast or thighs samples tested at any of the times during the trials.
Table (16): Withdrawal time for some Antibiotics administrated in broiler chicken farms :
ANTIBIOTIC WITHDRAWAL TIME (DAY)
OXY-TETRACYCLINE 5
CHLOR-TETRACYCLINE 7
AMOXICILLIN 3
NEOMYCIN 3
LINCOMYCIN 3-5
FLUMOQUINE 4
STREPTOMYCIN 3
SULPHATE GROUP 4
ERYTHROMYCIN 3