الفهرس 
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Abstract
Frequent antibiotic exposure is the primary cause of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These bacteria continue to represent a significant public health problem in healthcare settings, with important implications on patient outcome . The multiple resistance pattern of antibiotics used in treatment increases the interest in newly developed antimicrobials. Nanotechnology using nanoscale materials is increasingly being utilized for clinical applications, especially as a new paradigm for infectious diseases.