الفهرس 
I.INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficiency of propolis as ethanol extract (polar) and hexane extract (non-polar) against E. africanus, the efficiency of nano emulsion of propolis against Tetranychus urticae and Varroa destructor. The antibacterial properties of nano-emulsion of propolis against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Determination the residues of neonicotinoids in honey, propolis, and pollen with the assessment of probabilistic health risks to bees and humans.
1. Acaricidal activity
At the LC50 and LC90 ethanol extract was more toxic to adult females of E. africanus than hexane extract. The LC50 reached 3.98% and 5.75% for ethanol and hexane extract of propolis. While, the LC90 reached 18.55% and27.99% for ethanol and hexane extract of propolis, respectively. The LC50 and The LC90 reached 4.10% and 41.12% to the nano-emulsion of propolis for T. urticae
2. Biological activity
Also, preoviposition period, oviposition and postoviposition period were significantly affected by the different treatments of the propolis. On the other hand, hexane and ethanol extract of propolis prolonged pronouncedly the incubation period for E. africanus, and nano emulsion of propolis induce the same effect for T. urticae compared to that of the control.
3. Efficiency of nano-emulsion of propolis against Varroa destructor :
The mite of Varoa destructor is highly sensitive to nano emulsion of propolis. In the winter season, the efficiency percentage of nano-emulsion of propolis at 4% reached 100% compared to control. In the autumn season, the efficiency percentage reached 95.62% at the first spray while reached 94.85% through 15 days of the first spray compared to 54.16 in control experiment.
4. Antibacterial activity of nano-emulsion of propolis
Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus had larger inhibition zones (9.5mm) by nano emulsion of propolis. The efficiency of nano-emulsion of propolis may be due to the high content of polyphenols and flavonoids in propolis associated with significant microbial activity.
5. Neonicotinoid residues in honey from several villages at Damietta Governorate, Egypt
In general, concentration of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid residues in honey samples (clover honey, citrus honey, and cotton honey), pollen samples (clover season and cotton season) and propolis exceeded the permissible limits in some villages at Damiate Governorate, Egypt, it was less than the permissible limits in others, and the quantities varied according to the growing season. On the other hand, acetamiprid was less than the permissible limits in all samples.
6. New potential risks of neonicotinoids for honeybee worker from the consumption of honey and pollen
The values of hazard quotient (HQ) of neonicotinoids were more than one for adult worker through the consumption of honey and pollen, indicating that chronic-toxic effects may occur. Based on that, in Abadia village Nectar hazard quotients (NHQ) of thiamethoxam in clover and citrus honey more than one, imidacloprid in citrus and cotton honey more than one. In Al Solamiyah village, NHQ of thiamethoxam in cotton and citrus honey more than one, imidacloprid in clover and cotton honey more than one In Al Atawy village, NHQ of thiamethoxam in honey of clover, cotton and citrus more than one, moreover imidacloprid exceed from one in clover and cotton honey. In Al Salam Canal, NHQ of thiamethoxam in honey of clover, reached more than one, moreover imidacloprid exceed from one in cotton honey, indicating that chronic-toxic effects may occur.
In Abadia village HQ of thiamethoxam in pollen cotton mixed with corn more than one, imidacloprid in pollen clover more than one. In Al Solamiyah village, HQ of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in pollen cotton mixed with corn more than one. Moreover, in Al Atawy village, HQ of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in pollen cotton mixed with corn more than one. In Al Salam Canal, HQ of imidacloprid in pollen cotton mixed with corn and in pollen clover exceed from one, indicating that chronic-toxic effects may occur.
7. Health risk assessment for human
The Egyptian and world honey hazard quotient (HHQ) values of thiamethoxam were higher than unity as shown on the through the consumption of clover honey and citrus honey from Abadia village, citrus honey and cotton honey from Al Solamiyah village, clover honey and cotton honey from Al Atawy village and clover honey from Al Salam Canal at Damietta Governorate, Egypt. The Egyptian and world HHQ values of imidacloprid were higher than unity through the consumption of clover honey and cotton honey from Abadia village, clover honey and cotton honey from Al Solamiyah village, clover honey and cotton honey from Al Atawy village and citrus honey from Al Salam Canal at Damietta Governorate, Egypt. This is an indication of possible adverse health effects of these neonicotinoids. On the other hand, the Egyptian and world HHQ values of acetamiprid within the safe limits (HQH< 1) as shown on the through the consumption of honey in all treatments, indicating low probability of the occurrence of adverse health effects. Hazard index (HI) was higher than unity in all treatments of honey; this is an indication of possible adverse health effects of these neonicotinoids.