الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Introduction: Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is a widely used antimalarial drug. Recently, it garnered attention about its possible effect against COVID19. However, Retinopathy is one of its dangerous side effects which may be untreated. Propolis is a substance made by honeybees and has a neuroprotective effect. Aim of the work: This work was performed to evaluate the effect of hydroxychloroquine sulfate on retina and the possible protective role of propolis in adult male albino rat by histological and immunohistochemical methods. Materials and Methods: Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups; group I (control group), group II (propolis group): rats had received 100 mg/kg propolis for 12 weeks, group III: each rat had received 55 mg/day of hydroxychloroquine sulfate ( about 11 mg/ day) orally for 10 days, group IV: each rat had received 55 mg/ kg/ day of hydroxychloroquine sulfate concomitant with 100 mg/kg propolis for 10 days then propolis was continued to complete 12 weeks. The rats were sacrificed and retinal specimens were processed for histological studies by light and electron microscopes. Immunohistochemical study was carried out using GFAP antibody. Morphometric and Statistical studies were performed. Results: group I and II revealed nearly typical histological structure of retina. Specimens of group III revealed vacuolations of photoreceptors, widely separated nuclei of outer and inner nuclear layer and darkly stained nuclei of inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer. Ultrastucturally, disruption of outer segments of photoreceptors, large secondary lysosomes in photoreceptor inner segments and cytoplasmic rarefactions of ganglion cells. The GFAP immunohistochemaical reaction showed positive immune reaction in NFL, GCL and around its blood vessels with fine processes up to ONL. Statistical results revealed significant increase in the mean area percentage of GFAP immune-reaction and significant decrease of number of ganglion cells in comparison to control group. On the other hand, group IV revealed preservation of normal histological structure of all retinal layers with significant decrease in area percentage of GFAP immune-reaction and increase in number of ganglion cells in comparison to group III.