الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work mainly aims to study the ecological status of lake, monitor, detect the changes, and identify plants by measuring the spectral signature using hyperspectral remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, so our objectives were : A number of georeferenced stands will be selected for sampling vegetation from various habitats recognized in the study area, Representative georeferenced hydrosoil, water samples will be collected from each stand to conduct the physical and chemical analysis, Estimation of heavy metals in water, sediment and some dominant hydrophytes, Determination the phyto-accumulation efficiency of some dominant aquatic plant species growing in Manzala Lake, Analytical field spectroradiometer (ASD Field Space) was used to measure the reflection of the leaves of plant species under field conditions, Measurements were carried out in a full optical spectral range (Visible - Near Infrared - Short Wave Infrared) starting from 350 nm to 2500 nm with 1 nm interval output data,Vitality of the plant was estimated using hyperspectral vegetation indices derived from spectroscopic measurements. Then, the VIS were expressed through mathematical equations. Floristically, the total number of the recorded flowering plant species in the present study is 55 (39 perennial species, one biennial and 15 annual species), belonging to 41 genera and related to 26 families. Chenopodiaceae (10 species), Asteraceae (5 species), Poaceae (5 species), Cyperaceae (4 species) are the main families being represented collectively by 24 species or about 43.6 % of the total number of the recorded species. On the other hand, ecologically, the recorded hydrophytes and terrestrial species in Manzala Lake (55 species) classified into four major groups, namely : a) seven floating hydrophytes, b) two submerged hydrophytes, c) sixteen emergent species and d) 30 terrestrial species. The second study, which focuses on spectrum reflectance pattern and spectral discrimination to establish a spectral library for identification and studying spectral characteristics of common plants in Burullus Lake of Egypt. Such library will support characterization of wild plants in study area, in addition to enhancing wild plants observation by remote sensing. ASD field spectroradiometer was used to measure various spectral reflectance in the wavelength ranged from 350 to 2500 nm for Forty-Four plant species and 10 soil specimens represent the location stands to assess their status along Manzala Lake. The spectral library was created ; based on measured spectral reflectance values in order to identify common wild plant species spectrally. The optimal spectral zones and waveband/s to discriminate between the different species were identified. Various hyperspectral indices for soil and vegetation were calculated to assess the status of ten soil samples representing the studied stands and forty-one plant species. The Results indicate that Near Infrared (NIR) and Short Wave Infrared II (SWIR II) spectral regions were optimal to discriminate investigated taxa. Results indicate that studying of spectral characteristics of the different plants in the study area were a necessary step to identify the locations of the important and economically valued plants.