الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is defined as a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Common fractures are vertebral compression fractures, fractures of the distal radius, and proximal femur (Rachner et al., 2011).
Osteoporosis and osteopenia is one of extrahepatic manifestation of HCV and chronic liver disease (Luxon, 2011; Stokes et al., 2013).
Osteoporosis in chronic liver is similar to postmenopausal and aging-related bone loss in that mainly affects trabecular bone and has been characterized by low bone turnover with reduced osteoblast function and low serum osteocalcin levels (Wariaghli et al., 2010).
WHO (1994) defines osteoporosis according to bone mineral density (BMD) measurement as :
• T-score -1.0 or greater is ”normal”
• T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 is ”low bone mass” (or ”osteopenia”)
• T-score -2.5 or below is osteoporosis
• The term ”established osteoporosis” includes the presence of a fragility fracture.
The pathogenesis of osteoporosis in chronic liver disease (CLD) is still unknown and it is likely that multiple factors are operating simultaneously (Wariaghli, 2010).