الفهرس 
Evaluation of time consumed and total removal of Smart Paste Bio system compared to AH-plus sealer and gutta-percha in obturated single rooted teeth
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the time consumed and total removal of Smart Paste Bio system compared to AH-plus sealer and gutta-percha in obturated single rooted teeth by using Hedstrom files with Gates-Glidden burs compared to D-race retreatment system. Fifty two single-rooted teeth were used in this study.The teeth were decoronated, prepared using the protaper rotary system and obturated using the modified single cone technique. The samples were then divided into two main groups (n=26) according to the sealer used in obturation: group I: AH-plus sealer. group II: Smart Paste Bio sealer. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n=13) according to the method used in removal of obturation material: Subgroup 1: H-files and Gates-Glidden drills. Subgroup 2: D-race retreatment system. After retreatment, the roots were grooved bucco-lingually and split into two halves using a chisel. Samples were studied under the digital microscope for quantitative evaluation of remaining debris at three levels; apical, middle and coronal. The amount of remaining filling material on the canal walls was photographed and calculated using image analysis software.Two representative samples from each subgroup were further viewed at higher magnification (500X) under scanning electron microscope (SEM) for qualitative evaluation of canal wall at all levels