الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Wave, wind, and water level data collected over a long time are critical for coastal engineering projects, oceanography, and climate change studies in the coastal zone. Understanding marine processes and the behavior of the coastal ecosystem is very necessary to carry out successful coastal projects. Measured coastal data along the Egyptian coasts are limited to a few locations and limited periods. So, this study aims to establish database for wind, wave, tide, storm surge along the Egyptian coasts as well as reach the optimal strategy to obtain strengths and weaknesses in planning, design, EIA studies, and implementation and monitoring based on published studies. Two accurate SWAN models along the Egyptian Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts (EMC & ERSC) are developed to predict wave climate in this region for 30 years from 1990 to 2019. ERA5 wind source is used to identify wind climate along Egyptian coasts. Komen formula in exponential wind-wave growth and Janssen in Whitecapping dissipation with Cds = 2.75 and ERA5 wind source, are recommended for Southeastern Mediterranean with grid resolution of 0.05° and a 30-minute temporal resolution. For Red Sea model, it is recommended to use ST6-Janseen combination with Cds = 2.25 and ERA5 wind source with 0.025 grid resolution and 30-minute time step. The study concluded that about 81.9 to 91.8 % of the significant wave height Hs along EMC is less than 1.25 m while the percentage of occurrence of storms greater than 2.5 m ranges between 0.87 and 2.34%. Whereas along the ERSC, about 85% of Hs is less than 1.25 m, while at the northern part of Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba it exceeds 99.9 %. The southern part of Gulf of Suez is characterized by calm conditions most of the year. Based on ERA5 wind source the maximum wind speed along ERSC is about 15.61 m/sec, in contrast, it reaches 20.44 m/sec at EMC while average wind speed along the ERSC is higher than those in the EMC. Maximum Hs along the ERSC and EMC are 3.18 m and 5.78 m, respectively. The average monthly Hs in the EMC and the ERSC are quite the same. It is expected that the maximum Hs with return period of 100 years will reach 8.12, 6.98 and 6.24 m at Nile Delta, Northwestern, and Northeastern Egyptian coasts, respectively. Regarding the ERSC, it’s expected that maximum Hs with return period of 100 years will reach 1.86 and 2.64 m at the northern and southern parts of Gulf of Suez, respectively; 2.02 and 2.12 m at northern and southern parts of Gulf of Aqaba, respectively; and 3.56 m along the Red Sea coast. Calibrated Delft3D hydrodynamic models (Mediterranean Sea model, Gulf of Suez model and Red Sea model) are used to study the distribution of tidal heights. Along the EMC, tidal range increases gradually from 0.188 m at the Northwestern coast to 0.448 m along the Sinai coast of Egypt. Tidal range along Gulf of Suez changes with greatest values from 1.44 m at the North to 0.55 m at the South. About ERSC, tidal range varies from 0.839 to 0.405 m from north to south. Tidal range along Gulf of Aqaba varies from 0.909 to 0.832m from North to South. Storm surge characteristics are defined using the available measured water level at Rosette, Burullus, Damietta, Suez, Zafrana, Ras Gareb and Kosseir cities. The maximum positive surge reaches 0.68, 0.62. 0.63 and 0.75 m at Rosette, Burullus, Damietta and Suez, respectively. It is expected that the maximum positive surge height with return period of 50 years will reach 0.81, 0.9, 0.77 and 1.3 m at Rosette, Burullus, Damietta and Suez, respectively. While the same maximum negative surge height will reach -0.68, -0.57, -0.68 and -1.34 m at Rosette, Burullus, Damietta and Suez, respectively. Finally, a review of the established coastal structures along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast from the published study is discussed to give advice for improving coastal measures planning, design, EIA studies, and implementation and monitoring programs.