الفهرس 
Title : Assessment of mandibular osseous changes using radiomorphometric indices by cone beam computed tomography in patients with end stage renal failure versus normal population
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Abstract
The increased life expectancy of the world population, associated with poor habits encouraged by modern life and predisposing risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, has led to a global increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), in response to low serum calcium concentrations, develops as a consequence of disturbances in mineral metabolism due to renal failure (Hernique et al., 2014(. Renal osteodystrophy (RO) comprises a spectrum of skeletal abnormalities seen in CKD patients with SHPT, such as trabecular bone alterations (ground glass appearance) and subperiosteal bone resorption (Schaefer et al., 2010; Hansen et al., 2009 and Hernique et al., 2014).Panoramic radiography is useful to show the effects of renal osteodystrophy, such as mandibular cortical bone resorption, changes in the trabecular bone pattern yielding a ground glass appearance, and loss of the lamina dura of teeth. In this respect, panoramic mandibular indices are important indicators of changes in bone quality (Hernique et al., 2014). In recent studies, it was mentioned that CBCT images can be used in the evaluation of mandibular indices. CBCT does not magnify or overlap neighbouring structures, which are inherent problems in panoramic radiography