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Abstract
Ropinirole Hydrochloride (RHCl) is one of the most important highly selective dopamine agonist drugs where it is non-ergoline D2/D3 dopamine agonist having a direct action on the dopamine receptors. RHCl is indicated for the treatment of symptoms and signs of parkinson{u2019}s disease (PD), either alone or as an adjunct to levodopa. On comparing with L-dopa, RHCl has more neuroprotective effect and slower progression of PD (Whone et al, 2003), where it could modify oxidative cell damage and preserve dopamine neurons (Iida et al, 1999). Also, it is one of few medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of moderate to severe primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) (Kushida, 2006). RHCl is a potent drug (0.25-5mg) that is rapidly absorbed after peroral administration reaching peak plasma concentration within 1.5 hours. The elimination half-life is approximately 6 hours (t1/2 = 6hrs) (Kaye and Nicholls, 2000) and is absorbed linearly up to 24 mg. However, it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism which is the cause for its low bioavailability (50-55%) (Anon, 2014). It is found in the international market in the form of peroral tablets (Innovator: Requip tablets, glaxoSmithKline). The work in this thesis aimed for the formulation of ropinirole hydrochloride in other routes of administration than the peroral route as the transmucosal route and the intranasal route for improving bioavailability, increasing drug targeting to the brain, reducing symptomatic side effects, and so increasing drug effectiveness and patient compliance