الفهرس 
Studies on the effect of different adjuvants and inactivators on the immune response of chickens vaccinated with inactivated NDV, AIV (H5N1) vaccines and their bivalent forms
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Abstract
Thirty-one broiler chicken flocks were monitored and preliminary diagnosed for determining the most prevalent Avian Influenza Virus subtype circulating in Egypt. The preliminary diagnosis was based on flock history, clinical examination, PM examination, HA test and virus isolation in SPF-ECEs. Diagnosis of AI was confirmed by carrying out of RRT-PCR assay. Twenty seven out of 31 samples (27/31) gave haemagglutination activity after isolation in SPF-ECEs. By using RRT-PCR, ten out of 31 samples (10/31) were found to be positive for AIV (H5). Mixed infection was common in the monitored farms where, (AIV H5 and NDV) were found to be positive in 3/31, (AIV H9 and NDV) were positive in 11/31; (AIV H5, H9 and NDV) were found in 7/31. Mono infection was found to be rare where 3 out of 31 (3/31) were positive for AIV (H9) only, 3/31 were positive for NDV only and 4/31 were found to be negative for the previously tested viruses and there was no detectable AIV (H7). All HPAIV (H5) subtype positive samples were accompanied with mixed infection that led to high mortalities. AIV (H9) subtype was the most prevalent where it was recorded in 21/31 (67.7%). In a trial to control the wide spread of HPAI H5N1 and NDV outbreaks among poultry flocks in Egypt, six formulae were prepared from monovalent and bivalent inactivated vaccines for ND and AI (H5N1) based on the use of two inactivators (formalin and Binary ethylenimine (BEI)) and two adjuvants (Montanide ISA 71 and Drakeol 5). BEI did not influence the antigenicity of both virus suspensions (AIV and NDV)