الفهرس 
Introduction
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Abstract
The present study was carried out on thirty three adult male healthy
domestic fowls, pigeons and budgerigars. All specimens were collected from
Assiut governorate. Specimens elucidate the gross anatomical, morphological,
light microscopical, morphometrical and statistical analysis. Other specimens
were prepared for electron microscopic investigation and scanning electron
microscopical features of the syrinx in the three studied bird species.
Anatomically, the syrinx of investigated birds are observed within the
body cavity, ventral to the esophagus and dorsal to the base of the heart. The
syrinx of investigated birds is a tracheobronchial in type. It is consisted of
three different parts; cranial (tympanum) part, intermediate syringeal part and
caudal (bronchosyringeal) part. In addition, there are lateral and medial
vibrating membranes, pessulus at the tracheal bifurcation as well as the interbronchial ligament (brachidesm).