الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The air shade dried plant material Deverra tortuosa (Desf) DC (Apiaceae), growing wild in Egypt, was subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hours. The plant arial parts yielded 0.8% (v/w) of essential oil while the root recorded no essential oil, the EO obtained stored in brown bottles at 4°C until tested and analyzed.
3.4.2. Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) of Devera tortusus essential oil
Analysis was performed on 20 cm × 5 cm pre-coated aluminum-backed Silica gel 60-254 plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Before use, the plates were pre-cleaned by development with methanol and dried in fume hood. Standard (Artemisinin) and sample solutions were applied to the plates automated spray-on band applicator equipped with a 20-μL syringe and operated with the settings band length 6 mm, application rate 10 s μL−1, distance between bands 1.5 cm, distance from the plate edge 1.5 cm, and distance from the bottom of the plate 17 cm.
The partitions on the TLC plate of the crude steam distillation volatile of the (stem, flower and root) are as shown subsequently. 6 spots were detected after spotting the volatile oil. Six spots were observed with naked eyes after spraying with 1% vanillin in sulphuric acid Fig.26, while two spots were observed under the UV light Fig.27. The Solvent system was (Toluene –Ethyl acetate 93-7), and the detection as following:
- Without chemical treatment, UV-254nm and UV-365nm.
- Using chemical treatment, Vanillin Sulphoric acid reagent.
Spot no. 6 with vs reagent reveals that the characteristic main red brown zone (Rf. ca 0.95) of Methyl chavicol mixture.
Spot no 1and 2 (blue green) with Rf 0.2 – 0.6.
Spots 3 and 4(violet and dark blue Rf 0.4 - 0.6) the violet red zone with conc H2SO4 may anisaldehyde and may be fenchone.
On the other hand, the spot 4* of stem volatile oil is the same colour (blue and Rf 0.6 may be fenchone like spot 4 of the flower volatile oil.
The spoted root sample extracted using hydrodistillation of Deverra tortuosa not gives any spots of by TLC.
Anatomy and botany of Deverra tortuosa (Desf) DC. Plant:
Flower microscopy
Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many. Powder microscopy of flower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules and characteristic tri- colporate pollen grains.
Leaf microscopy
Lamina is dorsoventral. The upper most epidermal layer comprises of small polygonal cells which have irregular margins and beneath the epidermis photosynthetic tissue mesophyll present. The vascular bundle was ovoid having protoxylum and metaxylum. Phloem is present but without phloem transfer cells. The mesophyll of the leaf consists of large paranchymatic cells, the secretory cavities containing oil, existing between the phloem and lower epidermis, secretory cavities containing oil.
Root microscopy
Transverse section of root bark of D. tortuosa showed the presence of different types of cork cambium. The secondary phloem stratifies into hard (fibrous) and soft (parenchymatous) zones. Xylem with fiber, tracheids with libriform fibers showing thick Root has an exodermis; cortex consists of parenchymatic cells and carries secretory canals which are small size. The cambium is distinguishable in the form of 1-2 layered. Xylem elements extend towards the pith. Trachea with small cells, the rays are distinguishable with 2-3 cells wide.
Stem microscopy
Section of stem is shown in Vascular bundles are arranged in parallel rays. Stem is surrounded by square-rectangular shaped epidermis cells. The ridges of the stem are filled with sclerenchymatous cells; and secretory canals exist below this region. Cortex is rather wide and consists of parenchymatic cells. Vascular bundles exist in groups and surrounded by sclerenchymatous cells. Trachea cells are large. The pith that fills a large section of the stem is parenchymatic.
Morphological and microscopical studies of stem, leaf and root will be helpful in the identification of these parts of Deverra tortuosa (Desf) DC plant. Quantitative analyses of some pharmacognostic characters are helpful to establish quality standards of the plant (flowes, leaves, stems and roots). In pharmacognostic studies different types of evaluations were carried out that focus on microscopical examination.
Gas chromatography with Mas spectrum (GC-MS)
Identification of constituents was achieved by comparing retention indices and mass fragmentation pattern to wiley 9 libraries. GC-MS analysis of essential oil extracted from Deverra tortuosa led to identification of 40 different compounds. The identified compounds are listed. The oil contains complex mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbon and phenolic compounds. The major compounds detected in the oil were (α-phellandrene 53.39%).
Data obtained revealed that, identification of constituents was achieved by comparing retention indices and mass fragmentation pattern to wiley 9 libraries. GC-MS analysis of oil extracted from stem were identified and the compounds are listed. The stem essential oil contains complex mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbon and phenolic compounds. The major compounds detected in the oil were(Thujene 35.26% ).
DNA Fingerprint Study of Deverra tortuosa (Desf) DC. Plant
Data obtained revealed molecular identification of Deverra tortuosa was carried out using 9 RAPD-PCR primers. The total of 14 bands was amplified and produced an average of 6 to 7 bands per primer. The number of RAPD fragments that were amplified ranged from 1 to 3. 9 primers (N16, N12, D18, D11, C16, C6, B5, D4 and A5), primer OPC-16 and primer sequence (CACACTCCAG) produce the highest number of fragments and the 3 amplified fragment sizes ranged from about 658 to 1005 bp (Table 6). The least band fractions were produced by OPD-11 and the primer sequence (AGCGCCATTG) about 944 and 1 amplified fragment size.
The analysis of the amplified fragments generated by RAPD reactions revealed that the genetic profile of Deverra tortuosa produced diverse molecular patterns. The primers OPC-16 (Primer Sequence CACACTCCAG Size range of fragments by 1005-658). While, OPN-16 (Primer Sequence AAGCGACCTG and Size range of fragments by bp 1005-624) can be used for the identification of this species since they generate producible fragments. These results indicated the molecular markers that can be used in the identification of Deverra tortuosa (Desf) DC and differentiation from other related species.
Such DNA fingerprint study is useful in case of substituted or adulterated plants with other species or varieties that are morphologically indistinguishable also can resolves adulteration problems faced by majority of the herbalists, pharmaceutical industries and practitioners.