الفهرس 
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Abstract
First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the thesis successfully.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor professor Makram Hammam for his continues support, guide and enthusiasm. I would like to thank Professor Sahar Farouk for her patience, guidance ultimate support, motivation and immense knowledge. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under their guidance.
Last but not the least, I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. I am very much thankful to my Husband and my Sons for their love, understanding, prayers and continuing support to complete this research work. Also I express my thanks to my sister, brothers, sister in law for their support and valuable prayers.