الفهرس 
Histological and biochemical studies on the effect of tannin rich plant extracts on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus
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Abstract
Ticks are hematophagic ectoparasites that transport major pathogens around the world. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in resistance to acaricide and redox balancing during the life cycle of the tick. The inhibition of tick GST enzymes by certain phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and tannins, can be a promising approach to tick control. The objective of this study was to find out a promising alternative strategy for tick control.To achieve this aim, evaluation of the acaricidal effect of certain tannin rich plant extracts on the adult stage of the cattle tick R. (B) annulatus has been carried out. The effects of tannin on glutathione -S- transferase (GST) in detoxification during the adult stage of R. (B.) annulatus has been studied. Histological experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the aqueous extract of both A. saligna and P. granatum on ovarian tissues of R. (B.) annulatus adult female ticks using AIT.The efficacy of GST protein as a promising vaccine against tick infestation was finally studied. Total phenolic contents (TPC),Condensed tannin content (CTC) and Hydrolysable tannin content (HTC) of Acacia saligna (Fam: Fabaceae), and Punica granatum (Fam: Lythraceae) were determined. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of red pomegranate peel contained the higher contents of total phenol (250±0.01 and 350±0.038 æM GAE g⁻¹), higher condensed tannin contents (210±0.025 and 270±0.028 æM CE g⁻¹) and higher hydrolysable tannin contents (60±0.003 and 70±0.0023 æM TAE g⁻¹) than those of A. saligna extracts