الفهرس 
Aim of The workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) is one of renal replacement therapies for patients who need dialysis acutely, and for many patients as maintenance therapy. It provides excellent, rapid clearance of solutes (1).
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections, accounting for 50% and 20%, respectively, of the total mortality in ESRD patients (2).
HD patients as well as the dialysis staff are vulnerable to contracting health-care-associated infections due to frequent and prolonged exposure to many possible contaminants in the dialysis environment. The extracorporeal nature of the therapy, the associated common environmental conditions and the immune compromised status of HD patients are major predisposing factors. The evident increased potential for transmission of infections in the HD settings led to the creation and implementation of specific and stricter infection prevention and control measures in addition to the usual standard precautions (3).
The CDC recommends that healthcare personnel use Standard Precautions during patient care in all healthcare settings to prevent pathogen transmission. Standard Precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette (4).
The quality assessment and performance improvement process should include a dedicated safety team to focus on specifically identified areas of risk and to establish outcome goals guided by best