الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Worldwide, bladder cancer is the 10th most common form of cancer. In Egypt, it ranks the 3rd after liver cancer and breast cancer (Ibrahim et al., 2014) with incidence of 9 239 (7.2%) and mortality rate of 5 041 (5.9%) (Bray et al.,
2018; “Globocan 2018,”).
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process that gives the stationary epithelial cells the ability to migrate and invade as single cells acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype (Diepenbruck and christofori, 2016). This mechanism was found to be involved in the processes of carcinogenesis, granting the cancerous cells stem cell-like characteristics and invasive and metastasizing abilities, in many cancers including urothelial carcinoma (UC) (Katsuno et al., 2013; Abugomaa et al., 2020).
NANOG is a homeobox transcription factor involved in the self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is a key factor in the process of EMT (Gawlik-Rzemieniewska and Bednarek, 2016). Its over-expression induces pluripotency and undifferentiation in ESCs (Yu et al., 2007) and many cancers including urothelial carcinoma (Siddiqui et al., 2020).
The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the immunohistochemical expression of NANOG protein in UC cases and its association with the clinicopathological prognostic parameters e.g. age, gender, tumor grade, and stage of invasion.
The study was conducted on forty-three urothelial carcinoma cases. The paraffin blocks of those specimens were retrieved from the archives of Pathology Department in Suez Canal University Hospital between 2010 and 2018. Eighteen specimens were cystectomies and twenty-five specimens were cystoscopic