الفهرس 
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Abstract
Urolithiasis (including ureteric stones) is a worldwide health problem that affects about 12% of males and 6% of females during their lifetime. It causes loin pain, pyelonephritis, hematuria and may lead to more severe complications up to deterioration of the kidney function and renal failure.There are different lines for treatment of ureteric stones including medical expulsive therapy, ESWL, ureteroscopy and open surgery. URS is considered one of the best choices for treatment Conventional ureteroscopy relies on intraoperative fluoroscopy for monitoring and guidance. Fluoroscopic imaging plays an integral role during ureteroscopic lithotripsy. It is used to identify and determine stone site, size and shape, assist in renal mapping (uretero-renography with contrast material) and verify the introduction and placement of guide-wires, ureteroscopes and ureteric stents.Fluoroscopy has a potential significant radiation exposure to the patients (especially children and pregnant females), physicians and operating room staff. There is no lower limit of radiation exposure below which potentially harmful biologic effects do not occur; therefore, any exposure has the possibility to induce malignancy. To avoid ionizing radiation, there is a need to use alternative imaging modalities. Ultrasound provides an excellent alternative for imaging of the urinary tract and other abdominal organs. It is radiation-free, rapid, portable and allows excellent visualization of the renal pelvis and calyces, urinary bladder and different types of urolithiasis Our study is a prospective randomized study. It included patients suffering from lower third ureteric stones. The aim was to evaluate the use of U/S as an alternative of fluoroscopy in guidance of ureteroscopy during treatment of ureteric stones regarding the efficacy and safety.