الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 121 |  |  |
| | | from | 121 | | |
Abstract
Aphis craccivora Koch, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius are among the most economically important pests in agriculture. The purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) and the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are highly destructive to fruit tree and ornamental plants. Natural enemies has a significant effect in the biological control of these sucking – feeding herbivores, and conservation biology have been well developed by take advantage of indigenous predators and parasitoids to enhance pest control. Allelochemicals mediate interactions of individuals belonging to different species, olfactory communication plays an important role in predator-prey relationships as it can initiate and activate this interaction. Therefore, the current study aims to study the following topics: Evaluate the relative attractiveness of certain natural enemies in response to cowpea and green peach aphid bodies extracts in different solvents. Identification of volatile compounds emitted from cowpea and green peach aphids. Estimating the relative attractiveness of some predaceous species to damaged and undamaged host plants by feeding activity of cowpea and green peach aphids. 4. Identification of volatile compounds (synomone) emitted from damaged host plant by feeding activity of aphids. Behavior reaction of C. undecimpunctata in response to different concentrations of M. persicae extract. Influence the purple and California red scale cover extracts on the behavior response of their parasitoids. Estimating the role of scale cover extracts on the efficiency of the parasitoid, A. lepidosaphes against L. beckii population. Estimating the relative attractiveness of the aphelinid parasitoids (E. lutea and E. mundus) to damaged and undamaged host plants by feeding activity of whitefly. The role of host smell plant (synomone) on the searching efficiency of E. mundus. Identification of volatile compounds (synomone) emitted from damaged host plant by feeding activity of B. tabaci. The following conclusions could be drawn from this study: The tested parasitoids and predators showed different in their response to kairomone extracts of the tested insect pests, depending on the solvent used and pest species. The use of kairomone as olfactory chemical stimuli improve the efficiency (Aggregation behavior) of the parasitoids under field conditions. Host seeking stimulant (synomone) produced by the host plant play a role in host recognition and had good effecting on the foraging behavior (the searching rate and interference value) of natural enemies. The present results are important in integrated pest management control programs to use chemical cues to manipulate natural enemies searching behavior under open field conditions.