الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Skin is the largest single organ of human body, which has a surface area of approximately 2 m2 and a mass equivalent to around 15% of the whole body mass[1].Therefore, for several decades, it has been attractive in using the skin as a port of entry into the body for the systemic delivery of therapeutic agents [2].Injections, pills and to some extent topical and mucosal formulations comprise the foremost ordinarily used drug delivery. Oral delivery is the easiest and most convenient method of delivering medicines particularly once repeated or routine administration is needed [3]. However, drugs that are taken orally are not found to be as effective as desired. To improve such characteristics, transdermal drug delivery (TDD) technique was produced to existence. This delivery system is capable of transferring the drug or macromolecules painlessly through skin into the blood circulation at fixed rate [4]. Transdermal drug delivery offers numerous advantages over traditional oral and intravenous delivery routes 5]. Particularly; it is used to avoid the first-pass hepatic metabolism for drugs with low oral bioavailability. It also has advantages over hypodermic injections, which cause pain, produce risky medical rubbish and increase the danger of disease transmission by needle reuse [6]. Additionally, it provides less possibility of dosage errors, permits steady absorption of drugs over longer time periods and enables both local and systemic treatment effects [5].