الفهرس 
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Abstract
Tick control mostly depends on the use of chemical acaricides which resulted in the development of resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, there is a need to discover eco-friendly alternatives for these chemicals. This study was designed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of some natural products and synthesized nanomaterials on different developmental stages of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii (H. dromedarii )and compared with reference acaricide Butox®5%. Petroleum ether and ethyl alcohol extracts of Melia azedarach (Zinzalikht) ripened fruits and Artemisia herba-alba (Sheih) whole aerial parts were prepared. Nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using an aqueous extract of Melia azedarach ripened fruits, then characterized by UV- visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS). A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nanoemulsions were prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Egg, nymph, larva, and adult immersion tests were used for bioassay of tick stages. Mortality percentages and lethal concentration (LC) values of each tick stage were calculated. The egg productive index (EPI), egg number, and hatchability percentage of the engorged females that survived after treatment were calculated. A toxicity test was performed on the Swiss albino mice to evaluate the possible toxic effects of the prepared nanomaterials. The UV-Vis spectra of the NiO NPs showed an absorption peak at 307 nm and ZnO NPs at 377nm. FTIR analysis showed the possible functional groups used for capping and stabilization of NiO and ZnO NPs. The SEM images of the NiO NPs exhibited a size ranging from 21 to 35 nm and ZnO NPs 18 to 42 nm. TEM characterization revealed spherical droplets for A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion with droplet size ranged from 62 to 69 nm and 52-91nm, respectively. FTIR revealed the absence of extra peaks in the loaded nano-emulsions that confirmed no chemical changes existed by ultrasonication. The calculated LC50 confirmed that M. azedarach had slightly higher toxicity on the dormant stages (embryonated eggs and engorged nymphs) than A. herba-alba. The LC50 values confirmed that the petroleum ether extracts were more toxic against the active stages (larvae, unfed adults, and engorged females) of H. dromedarii than the ethyl alcohol extracts of the two tested plants. Moreover, the petroleum ether extract of A. herba-alba was more toxic than M. azedarach against all active stages. The petroleum ether extract of A. herba-alba was more toxic against larvae followed by unfed adults and then engorged females. The LC50 values for NiO NPs on embryonated eggs, larvae, and engorged nymphs were 5.00, 7.15, and 1.90 mg/ml, respectively. The LC50 values for ZnO NPs on embryonated eggs, larvae, and engorged nymphs were 11.6 mg/ml, 8.03 mg/ml, and 3.9 mg/ml, respectively. The egg productive index (EPI), egg number, and hatchability percentage were lower in females treated with the NiO and ZnO NPs than control ticks. The LC50 values of A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion on embryonated eggs, larvae, engorged nymphs, and unfed adults were 0.29% and 1.10%, 0.718% and 1.72%, 0.325% and 0.38%, 4.38%, and 22.24%, respectively. In the NiO NPs toxicity test, the hematological analysis showed a significant increase in the level of WBCs and Hb while the biochemical analysis showed insignificant decrease in ALP and ALT. ZnO NPs toxicity results revealed insignificant changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters. A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nanoemulsion toxicity results revealed insignificant changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters.