الفهرس 
صفحة العنوانOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The energy demand around the world is increasing dramatically. So, the researchers seek to find alternatives to the non-renewable resources represented by fossil fuels. Electric vehicles (EVs) gained enormous attention in the automobile industry and the research area due to the offering solutions to the vehicle’s fossil fuel dependence and emissions emitted from this type of vehicle. Hub-motor drive EVs consider the upcoming technology in the vehicle industry. It has several merits such as lightweight, good accelerator responsiveness, flexibility when designing different drivetrains, operated at most operative efficiency points, and increased space-saving compared with the traditional electric vehicle driven by a central motor. Batteries in EVs face excessive stress due to continuously charging and discharging during operation which shortens their lifespan and inversely affects the electric vehicle’s performance. The ultracapacitors (UCs) are presented as a complementary energy storage device to the batteries due to their high specific power which efficiently assists in high power requirements and hill-climbing situations, as well as for energy recovery during braking. The integration between the battery and the UC which combines the merits of each source in EVs is called the hybrid energy storage system (HESS).
A historical review of the available published work has been introduced and showed the need for further research work in this area. The previous review ensured that the solar panels are implemented as an auxiliary energy source in EVs in most conditions. Few studies had discussed solar photovoltaic (PV) panels as a standalone source that propels the EV due to its scarce output power. So, it can be used only to supply the small electric power demand like vehicle accessories. Furthermore, little research has been focused on using the optimization techniques to optimally distribute the vehicle power requirement between the battery and UC