الفهرس 
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Abstract
Breast-milk is universally as the best food for infants. However, breast milk alone was in sufficient to support normal growth during the second half in infancy. In the developing countries, there is a shortage of milk and dairy production; also these products are highly expensive. Malnutrition is the most serious nutritional problem facing the world’s health, especially children who suffurs from protein and deficiency.
Complementary foods are usually given to infants. These are based in local stable foods such as cereal, legumes and fortified by vegetables and fruits. Several efforts has been carried out to produce weaning-food mixtures from local materials which should be have highly nutritional quality, acceptable for babies and microbiologically safe.
The main objective of the present study is an attempts have been made to prepare seven formulae or baby-food mixtures from selected cereals (rice), legumes (chickpea), potato flour, skimmed milk powder and fortified by nuts (coconut and pine). These blends are highly nutritional value and also suitable for babies consumption.
Also, comparative study between prepared and commercial baby food mixtures were carried out. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids and phenolic compounds of both prepared and commercial weaning foods were studied. Also, organoleptic and microbiological evaluation were studied during cold storage at 4±1 °C for six months.
The obtained results could be summarized as the following:
1. Chemical composition :
It is evident from the results that total carbohydrate of all formulae was ranged between 70.0 and 76.4 g/100 g on dry weight basis, the highest value was found in formulae (8). In addition, all formulae are a good source of carbohydrate and total energy, this may be due to the addition of rice. Whereas, total caloric values of all formulae was ranged from 349.3 to 365.1 K. calories /100 g on dry weight basis. The highest value of total calories was found in prepared formula (3) and the lowest one was in formula (9) or commercial samples. Protein of prepared formulae was ranged between 12.2 to 14.1 g/100g on dry weight basis, the higher value was found in formulae (5). Meanwhile, total protein of commercial samples were 6.4 and 7.4%, respectively. On the other hand, fats of all formulae was ranged between 1.5 and 3.2 g/ 100g on dry weight basis, the highest value was found in formula (7) and the lowest was found in formula (1). The obtained results revealed that either prepared or commercial samples are a good sours of ash (2.5 -3.4g) and (2.6-3.4 g) crude fibers ,formula (7) recorded the highest value of ash and fat content. Meanwhile, formula (6) was the highest value of crude fibers. It is worthy to mentioned that, most prepared formulae had recorded the higher percentage of protein, and total energy than those commercial samples. Formula (7) recorded the highest value of ash and fats .Meanwhile, formula (5) showed the highest value of protein.
Moreover, consuming 100g from any prepared formulae could cover the daily requirement for babies aged from 6 to 12 months from protein and about half the amount of total energy as recommended, who reported that the daily requirements of babies from 13 to 14 gram protein and total calories from 650 to 850 K. calories during the first year. All prepared formulae are considered as a good source of protein, carbohydrate, total energy, ash and crude fibers.
2. Minerals :
The obtained results indicated that calcium of all prepared formulae was ranged between 92.8 and 192.2 mg /100g on dry weight basis and the highest value was found in formula (5), followed by formula (3)and (6) , respectively. On the other hand, phosphorus of all prepared formulae was ranged from (74.8 to 93.7) mg/100 g on dry weight basis, the highest value was found in formula (7) and the lowest value was noticed in formula (3). It is evident from the results that potassium of all prepared formulae was ranged between 494,9 and 650.9 mg/100g on dry weight basis, the highest value was found in formula (7) and the lowest value was noticed in formula (3) .On the other hand, Fe of all prepared blends was ranged between 2.82 and 6.91 mg/100 g on dry weight basis. The obtained results showed that prepared formula (7) had recorded the highest value of phosphorus , potassium and Zn as compared with the other prepared formulae. However, commercial baby foods’ had recorded the highest value of both Ca and P than those prepared blends. It is obvious from the results that Zn of prepared formulae was ranged between 2.0 and 5.8 mg/100g on dry weight basis, the highest value was found in formula (7) and the lowest was in formula (8). Moreover, consuming of 100 gram of any formula could cover the daily requirements of potassium, while calcium - cover about from 24 to 53.3% , P (14.9- 33%) , Fe (28.0 - 69.1%) and Zn (40 – 116%) of recommended daily allowances (RDA) as reported by FAO/ WHO, (1989).All prepared formulae are a good source of Ca , P , K , Fe , and Zn .
3. Phenolic compounds :
It could be identified of eleven compounds of phenolics from prepared weaning –mixtures. These compounds were gallic, chlorogenic, methyl gallate, coffeic acid, syringic acid, pyrocatechol, coumaric acid, vanillin, naringenin, cinnamic acid and kaempfrol. Chlorogenic and gallic acids are the predominant or major phenolic compounds of all prepared formulae. On the other hand, it could be separated and identified eight phenolic compounds from extracted of commercial weaning foods i.e there were three phenolic compounds didn’t find (gallic, chlorogenic acids and pyrocatechol). It is evident from the results that, chlorogenic acid of all prepared weaning foods was ranged from 68.27 to 160.7 µ/g on dry weight basis. The highest value was found in formula (4) and the lowest was noticed in formula (3). Meanwhile, gallic acid was ranged between 42.98 and 280 µ/g weight basis .The highest value was found in formula (5). However, commercial samples were free from both gallic and chlorogenic acids. The obtained results showed that total phenolic compounds was ranged from 114.1 to 478.1 µg/ g on dry weight basis .Prepared formulae could be as ranged from it ’s high content of total phenolic compounds as the following desending maner : formula 5 ( 478.1 ), followed by formula 6 ( 423.3 ), and formula 7 ( 422.9 ) , respectively µg /g on dry weight samples. All prepared formulae is considered as a good source of phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic and gallic acids. Meanwhile , commercial baby foods were free from these phenolic acids.
4. Amino acid composition :
The obtained results showed that there were seventeen amino acids were identified by Amino Acid Analyzer. These are including ten essential and seven non-essential amino acids. It could be observed that the major essential amino acids were leucine, (5.0 - 11.2 mg) and lysine (1.8 – 8.0 mg) as compared with the other essential amino acids .While, the predominant non-essential amino acids in all samples were glutamic (11.1 – 24.9 mg) and aspartic acids (5.4-13.8 mg). In the contrary ,the lowest percentage of essential amino acids (EAA) were cysteine (1.2-2.4 mg) and methionine (1.5-2.9 mg) of all samples in either prepared or local baby foods. It is worthy to mention that, all prepared formulae had recorded the higher percentage of total EAA (50.6-56.8 mg) , the highest value was found in formula (7) and the lowest one was in formula (3) . However, total amino acids of prepared formulae was ranged between 57.1 and 128.4 mg /g on dry weight basis, the highest percentage was found in formula (6) and the lowest one was noticed in local formula (8).Meanwhile, commercial baby foods 8 and 9 contained 57.1 and 63.0 mg/g dry weight basis, respectively. The best formula was found in (6), followed by (7), (4), (5),(1) , (2) and (3), respectively. Moreover, consuming 100 g from any prepared formulae could cover the daily requirement for babies from essential amino acids (EAA) as recommended. On the other hand, local samples (8 and 9) cannot cover the daily needs of babies.
5. Chemical protein score :
The obtained results indicated that histidine had the highest chemical protein score in prepared weaning-mixtures. It was ranged from 126.1% in formula (5) to 139.5% in formula (4).Meanwhile, chemical score of histidine in commercial weaning-mixtures was 56.5% and 73.9% in formula (8) and (9). In contrast, cysteine and methionine were recorded the lower score in all prepared formulae, it was ranged from 80.1% and to 89.6%, the highest percent was found in formula (7) and the lowest one was found in formula (1) or control sample. On the other hand, commercial weaning-mixtures were recorded the lowest protein score, it was ranged between 47.4% and 57.9% of methionine and cysteine , Also, lysine recorded the lowest protein score (25.7 and 27.1%), thus they are considered as the limiting amino acids. Chemical protein score of any prepared formula was higher than the commercial baby foods.
6. Microbiological evaluation :
The obtained results revealed that total bacterial counts of all formulae either in prepared or commercial was ranged between 7.0x101 and 7.9 x 101 cfu/g at zero time of storage period. However, during cold storage period, total bacterial counts were slightly increased in all formulae till reached from 7.9x101 to 8.5x101cfu/g at the end of storage. It is obvious from the obtained data that total psychrophilic bacteria of all formulae was ranged between 3.2x101 and 3.8 X 101cfu/g.Meanwhile, the number of psychrophilic bacteria was slightly increased during subsequent cold storage till reached from 3.5 x 101 to 4.5x 101cfu/g . It is evident from the abovementioned results that, both prepared and commercial weaning food mixtures had a negative presumptive test for the presence of coliform bacteria and also free from fungi and yeasts in either at zero time or during subsequent cold storage period. Moreover, both prepared and the commercial weaning-food mixtures are in the permissible limit who recommended that weaning -mixtures should be free from coliform bacteria and also safe for babies nutrition.
7. Sensory evaluation of weaning food mixtures:
The obtained results showed that organoleptic evaluation of color ,taste , odor, texture, appearance, viscosity and overall acceptability recorded the higher score . All prepared and commercial weaning-food mixtures were highly acceptable by the panelists in either after processing or during cold storage period at 4 1°C for six months. Statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that there were no significant difference at (P ≤ 0.05) in color, taste, odor, consistency, appearance and overall acceptability in either at zero time or during cold storage period .