الفهرس 
CHAPTER (1): INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Restrained shoring wall represents a commonly used economic solution for vertical deep excavation, when open cuts with side slopes are not allowed. It is mainly used to avoid failure that may be accompanied with considerable settlements or/and tilting or with bearing capacity failure of nearby foundations. The cost of shoring systems mainly depends on soil type and excavation depth.
In this research, strutted shoring systems are analyzed and designed for sandy and clayey soil conditions. For each soil condition three different excavation depths are studied. Finite Element Method is used for the analysis. The proposal problem is formulated as a non-linear numerical model using FORTRAN 95. The developed model is used for parametric study to investigate the influence of different design parameters (excavation depths, wall material, embedded wall length, wall section, struts numbers, struts section and struts positions) on the system cost. Genetic Algorithm is used to perform the optimization study based on the minimum cost. The optimization process aims to minimize the system material cost considering both deformation and stress constraints for the ground soil and construction material. Also, comparison between the cost of the sheet pile, diaphragm wall and concrete pile wall is applied, to show the optimal wall type with different soil conditions and different excavation depths. The comparison is derived based on the ratio of steel cost to concrete cost, considering the market price changes.