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Abstract Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has replaced open cholecystectomy as the therapeutic modality in the treatment of symptomatic gallstones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) may be rendered ’difficult’ by various problems encountered during surgery. Substantial proportions of patients in whom LC cannot be successfully performed are converted to open cholecystectomy. Conversion to laparotomy is indicated whenever the key technical points of the procedure are not possible. The clinical profile of the patient can predict difficult LC. This information can be useful to both the patient and the treating surgeon. The present study was carried out on 100 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis admitted to the Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University and Tala General Hospital from January 2018 to march 2019.Excluding cases of patient contraindication to lap chole cardiac and respiratory, pregnancy, cases with bile duct stones, and cases with history of upper abdominal operations. Aim of this study was to evaluate the pre-operative factors associated with difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They were 73 females and 27 males. The mean age was 48.2 ± 12.5 years. Fifty eight patients were obese with mean Body Mass Index of 29.9 ± 5.3kg/m2. Detailed history, physical examination, routine and specific laboratory investigations and ultra-sonography were done to all patients. Summary 65 Parameters of prediction of difficult cholecystectomy in our study were based on the clinical criteria of: The patient‟s characteristics: gender, age and body habits. The patient‟s history: jaundice, previous acute attacks of cholecystitis and previous abdominal surgery. The presence of local signs of cholecystitis especially palpable GB. The findings in ultrasonography: shape of the GB, number and size of stones and liver parenchyma. There were 6 patients with history of jaundice (6%), 16 patients with history of acute attacks of cholecystitis (16%), and 14 patients had history of lower abdominal operations (14%). Clinical examination revealed positive Murphy’s sign in 16 patients (16%), and palpable GB in 6 of them (6%). Abdominal ultra-sonographic examination revealed that 74 patients had multiple small stones (74%), and 26 patients had solitary large stone (26%). 7 patients had distended gallbladders (7%) and 93 had average size gallbladders (93%). Gall bladder showed normal wall thickening in 97 (97%) patients while thick wall was seen in 3 patients (3%). Common bile duct diameter was within the normal range in all patients, with no stones inside. Summary 66 All cases underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with assessment of the difficulties encountered in terms of: 1. Duration of surgery (in minutes): Duration of surgery including the time from insertion of visiport to closure of the trocar insertion site. 2. Bleeding during surgery: graded as minimal, moderate or severe. Moderate bleeding was defined as bleeding leading to tachycardia of greater than 100 b/min without DROP in blood pressure. Severe bleeding was defined as bleeding leading to tachycardia of greater than 100 b/min with a greater than 10 mmHg DROP in blood pressure. 3. Access to peritoneal cavity: easy or difficult as described by the operating surgeon. 4. Gall bladder bed dissection: easy or difficult as described by the operating surgeon. 5. Extraction of gall bladder: easy or difficult as described by the operating surgeon. 6. Conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) if done. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successfully accomplished in 97 patients (97%) with a mean operative time of 52.9 ± 18.8 minutes. Access difficulties occurred in 5 cases (5%); due to obesity and previous attacks of cholecystitis. Extensive adhesions occurred in 30 cases (30%); due to previous cholecystitis. Summary 67 Minimal bleeding occurred in 8 patients (8%) from the liver bed during GB bed dissection and was successfully controlled by electrocautery coagulation. Gall bladder bed dissection was difficult in 12 cases (12%) due to thick gall bladder wall, previous acute cholecystitis and liver fibrosis. Gall bladder perforation occurred in 18 cases (18%) while stone spillage occurred in 2 cases (2%) and were all retrieved. Extraction of the excised gall bladder was difficult in 17 cases mainly due to the large size of the stones (17%). Conversion to laparotomy occurred in 3 cases (3%) due to dense adhesions at Calot‟s triangle (one cases), Mirrizi‟s syndrome (one cases), and uncontrolled bleeding (one cases). |