الفهرس 
TitleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
DM is a disease marked by high levels of blood glucose resulting from a defect in insulin production, insulin action or both, that can lead to macro and microvascular complications. It is a chronic, life threatening condition that depends on medication, diet and life style modification to prevent long term complications. If the imbalanced of glucose homeostasis does not return to normal and continues for a protracted period of time, it leads to hyperglycemia that causes increase in oxidative stress and DN.
DN a common complication of diabetes and the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in the developed world. Approximately 40 % of persons with diabetes develop DN, manifested as albuminuria and/or decreased GFR.
Panax ginseng is a popular herbal remedy that has been used for thousands of years. There are five main species of ginseng: American, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Siberian (or Russian). This herb has a wide base of application and is considered the most popular herbal medicine worldwide. It has been used to treat a variety of disorders such as: cancer including; breast, lung, liver, colon and skin cancer, cardiovascular diseases, acute menopausal symptoms, acute pancreatitis and DM it has been used for stimulating immune activity, as a neuroprotective agent, and for its antioxidant activities, anti stress and anti-aging.
BMP-7 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. It is one of protective mechanisms for protect kidney structure and function. It has anti-oxidative role. Exogenous administration of BMP7 and its mimetic has been considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of severe kidney diseases.
So the aim of the study is to investigate the effect of Panex ginseng extract on BMP-7 gene expression, (MDA) oxidative stress marker, renal functions (BUN, S.Cr and Cys C) and glycemic marker (HbA1c) in STZ-induced diabetes in rats.
This study was carried out on 60 rats which were divided into six groups as follows:
group I: 10 rats served as normal controls (control group).
group II: 10 rats were injected intraperitoneal with a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg body weight) (diabetic group).
group III: 10 rats received daily Panax ginseng extract dissolved in distilled water, (administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 30 days) (ginseng group).
group IV: 10 diabetic rats as in group 2 were treated with a Panax ginseng extract as in group 3 for 30 days. (Ginseng-treated diabetic group)
group V: 10 diabetic rats as in group 2 were treated with insulin (4-5 U / kg body weight) for 30 days. (Insulin-treated diabetic group)
Summary and Conclusions
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group VI: 10 diabetic rats as in group 2 were treated with a Panax ginseng extract as in group 3 and with insulin as in group 5 for 30 days. (Ginseng, insulin-treated diabetic group)
The following measurements were done for all the studied groups: (FSG, BUN, S.Cr, Cys C, HbA1c, MDA and BMP-7 tRNA gene expression) levels as well as the histopathological examination of kidney.
Our results revealed that:
When comparing the final body weight with corresponding initial body weight it is found that, increase in all groups except diabetic group. As compared to their corresponding value of the control group: the final weight of rats was significantly decreased in the diabetic group, while significantly increased in the ginseng group and in groups V and VI while; it didn’t show any significant in group IV. As compared to group II: the final body weight was significantly increased in groups III, V and VI while; it didn‟t show any significant difference in group IV.
In the diabetic group: The values of FSG, BUN, S.Cr, Cys C, HbA1c, MDA and BMP-7 gene expression were significantly increased as compared to their corresponding values of the control group.
In the ginseng group: The values of FSG, BUN, S.Cr, Cys C, HbA1c, MDA and BMP-7 gene expression didn’t show any significant difference when compared to their corresponding values of the control group, while they were significantly decreased as compared to their corresponding values of the diabetic group.
In the ginseng-treated diabetic group: The values of FSG, BUN, S.Cr, Cys C, HbA1c, MDA and BMP-7 gene expression were significantly increased as compared to their corresponding values of the control group. While, all parameters were significantly decreased as compared with diabetic group except BMP-7 gene expression insignificantly increased.
In the insulin-treated diabetic group: The values of FSG, BUN, S.Cr, Cys C, HbA1c, MDA and BMP-7 gene expression were insignificantly increased as compared to their corresponding values of the control group except HbA1c and BMP-7 were significantly increased. While; all parameters were significantly decreased as compared with diabetic group except BMP-7 gene expression insignificantly increased.
In the ginseng, insulin-treated diabetic group: The values of FSG, BUN, S.Cr, Cys C, HbA1c, MDA and BMP-7 gene expression were increased as compared to their corresponding values of the control group. While; all parameters were significantly decreased as compared with diabetic group except BMP-7 gene expression was insignificantly increased.
Summary and Conclusions
74
The histopathological study:
1- In the control group: The kidney showed normal histological appearance. normal glomerular tufts surrounded by Bowman‟scapsules. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules cells showed acidophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei
2- In the diabetic group: The kidney showed various degrees of affections in the form of Glomelular atrophy, Glomeruli with nodules and Glomerular hypertrophy, in which Glomerular capillaries were widened, and attached to the Bowman′s capsule , mesangial cell number was slightly higher. Furthermore, significant changes in the convoluted tubules were noticed.
3- In the ginseng group: The kidney showed normal glomerular tuft, Bowman‟s capsule and normal tubules.
4- In the ginseng-treated diabetic group: The kidney showed nearly normal histological appearance, showing nearly normal glomerular tufts with slightly hypercellularity.
5- In the insulin-treated diabetic group: the kidney showed nearly normal glomeruli and slight tubular changes.
6- In the ginseng, insulin-treated diabetic group: The kidney showed nearly normal glomeruli and tubules.
There were a significant positive correlation between BMP-7 gene expression and each of FSG, Cys C and MDA levels. While BMP-7 tRNA gene expression demonstrated a negative significant correlation with Final body weight.
from the results obtained in this study, we can conclude that:
Oral administration of Panax ginseng extract to diabetic rats exhibited anti diabetic and renal protection. Where; it elevates the expression of BMP-7 and may prevents renal damage by anti-oxidative capacity.
The mean values of FSG, kidney function tests, oxidative stress marker, glycemic marker and BMP-7 gene expression were not changed in ginseng group as compared to the control group, indicating its safety.
from our histopathological studies: although renal damage is reversed after treatment with Panax ginseng extract and/or insulin, the insulin is better than the ginseng as a medication for DM. The possible underlaying mechanism may be related to the regulation of BMP-7 gene exprassion.