الفهرس 
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Abstract
Heavy metals pollution is considered the most important problem to our environment and one of great concerns for food safety, human and animal health causing injury to health through progressive and irreversible accumulation in body, In addition to that poultry and its products are the most popular and cheapest sourcesof protein for all ages in all countries all over the word. So, the present work was carried out to investigate the levels of some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, chromium, zinc and nickel) in poultry environment (feed &water) in layer and broiler farms at different seasons then evaluate their levels in different poultry products (muscle, liver &eggs) at Tokouh , Kalyobia Governorate.StudyI.In this experiment, we study the pollution of poultry environment with some heavy metals and the effect of different factors in the levels of detected heavy metals in poultry environment including seasonal variation(summer& winter), system of housing (battery system in layer farm & deep litter system in broiler farm), site of sampling. By collection 144 feed and water samples divided into 36 feed samples during summer and winter seasons from broiler farm (half from feed storage room &other half from feeder) and the same number (36)was collected from layer farmduring summer and winter seasons . In addition to,36 water samples collected during summer and winter from broiler farm (half from main source &other half from drinker) and the same (36) during summer and winter seasons from layer farm along 6 visits at Tokouh, Kalyobia governorate then analyze them by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.In this study, the result summarized that significantly higher levels of lead (0.34±0.046, 0.717±0.045), cadmium (0.163±0.03, 0.247±0.043), copper (0.833±0.132, 0.853±0.028), iron (7.403±0.62, 7.89±0.167), manganese (14.5±0.44, 15.19±0.286) and chromium (0.403±0.047, 0.547±0.044) were reported in feed samples from feed storage collected during summer than those during winterfor both layer and broiler farms, respectively. On other hand, nickel level was higher during winter season than summer as well as zinc level in feed samples collected from broiler farm was higher during winter than those during summer season but samples from layer was higher during summer such as most of detected metals Significantly higher levels of lead (0.82±0.061, 1.023±0.0653), cadmium (0.47±0.047, 0.617±0.058), copper (2.04±0.089, 2.533±0.159), iron (13.407±0.68, 15.39±0.47), manganese (18.527±0.398, 20.513±0.69) and chromium (0.88± 0.074, 1.137± 0.08) in feed samples from feeder were reported during summer than those during winter for both layer and broiler farm, respectively. While for zinc and nickel were higher in samples collected during winter than those during summer season.Also,the examination of water samples showed thatsignificantly higher levels of lead (0.227±0.0287, 0.42±0.038), cadmium (0.08±0.0153, 0.09±0.01), copper (0.287±0.035, 0.48±0.062), iron (4.88±0.455, 5.71±0.425), manganese (0.14±0.032, 0.16±0.0347), chromium (0.03±0.0077, 0.053±0.008), zinc (0.24±0.0177, 0.363±0.015) and nickel (0.043±0.008, 0.57±0.01) in water samples from main source were reported during summer than those during winter for both layer and broiler farms, respectively as well assignificantly higher levels of lead (0.563±0.048, 0.957±0.26), cadmium (0.307±0.042, 0.417±0.04), copper (0.83±0.064, 1.323±0.148), iron (10.513±0.62, 13.62±0.904), manganese (0.66±0.064, 1.09±0.129), chromium (0.123±0.012, 0.163±0.01), zinc (0.51±0.065, 0.577±0.027) and nickel (0.177±0.021, 0.197±0.013) in water samples from drinker were reported during summer than those during winter for both layer and broiler farms, respectively.
In this study,The feed samples collected from both feed storage and feeder in broiler farm had higher levels of lead, cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, chromium and zinc than those of layer farm during summer and winter seasons.On other hand, nickel levelwas higher in samples collected from layer than those from broiler farm. Also, the water samples from both main source and drinker collected from broiler farm had higher levels of lead, cadmium, chromium (during summer), copper, iron, manganese, zinc and nickel than layer farm during summer and winter. While, chromium level in water samples from main source was higher in samples collected from layer farm than those from broiler farm during winter season.In this study, the result summarized that the site of sampling is very effective factor on the levels of detected heavy metals as lead,cadmium,copper,iron,manganese,chromium, zinc and nickel levels that had highly significant difference between feed samples collected from feed storage room and those from feeder in layer and broiler farm during summer and winter seasons and all levels of detected heavy metals were higher in feeder than feed storage. Also, the water samples showed the same results between main water source and drinker as all detected heavy metals were higher in drinker than main source in all samples collected from layer and broiler farms during summer and winter seasons.Finally, this experiment cleared that the heavy metals pollution increase during summer season than those during winter season due to increase agricultural effluents as pesticides and fertilizers that considered main heavy metals source in this area,the higher levels of detected heavy metals present in broiler farm than those collected from layer farm due tothe usage of battery system in layer farm that more hygienic than deep litter used in broiler farmand the higher levels in water samples result from using underground water in broiler farm that was more polluted with agricultural effluent than tape water in layer farm ,the higher levels of detected heavy metals in feeder and drinker in front of bird in layer and broiler farm during summer and winter seasons due to rearing of poultry beside area polluted with heavy metals and pollution of feed and water with heavy metals through air or rain fall.Also that the pollution of poultry environment mainly occur through feed due to addition of some heavy metals to feed processing to increase growth rate and fulfill poultry requirement and also due to technological improvements in food production and processing.StudyII.In this experiment, we study the concentration of some heavy metals in poultry products (liver, muscle & egg) ,identify the correlation between the levels of detected heavy metals in poultry environment (feed &water) and poultry products (liver, muscle a& egg) and the most important heavy metals input source and output source in poultry farms at Tokouh, Kalyobia Governeratore. By collection 24 tissue specimens (liver& muscle) divided into12 liver specimens and 12 muscle specimensalong4visits were collected from broiler farm during summer and winter seasons, while 18 egg samples were collected from layer along 6 visits during summer and winter seasons then analyze by atomic absorptionspectrophotometer.In this study, the results summarized that the collected liver samples from broiler farm contained high level of iron (6.81±0.215), manganese (4.09±0.086), zinc (3.743±0.134), nickel (1.9±0.163), copper (1.517±0.085),chromium (0.763±0.027), lead (0.353±0.022) and cadmium (0.303±0.019), respectively from high to low. The high level of zinc and manganese due to adding them to feed for increasing growth rate while iron high due to presence in water in high level and the levels of detected metals high in summer season than winter season due to pollution of poultry environment (feed&water) is higher during summer than winter.Also, the collected muscle samples of broiler farm contained high amount of copper (5.47±0.033), manganese (3.357±0.09), iron (2.967±0.069), zinc (1.81±0.057), nickel (1.11±0.082),chromium(0.547±0.0245(,lead (0.23±0.016) and cadmium (0.147±0.014). while the egg samples from layer farm contained high levels of zinc (25.377±0.97), iron (2.133±0.073), manganese (0.877±0.053), copper (0.217±0.016),lead (0.15±0.0146), cadmium (0.073±0.01), chromium (0.057±0.006) and nickel (0.027±0.0085) and the high level of zinc due to presences of it in feed with high level for increase fertility and growth rate.In this study, there was positive correlation between levels of detected heavy metals in poultry environment and poultry products in broiler farm during summerand winter seasons and the highest correlation mainly related to liver, water and summer while the lowest related to muscle samples. Also, there was positive correlation between detected heavy metals in egg, feed and water samples.Finally, the result summarized that feed was the main source of heavy metals as it contain high levels of detected heavy metals particularly zinc, manganese and iron due to adding it in feed ration. On other hand, liver is the main source of heavy metals to consumer of poultry product as it contained higher levels of detected heavy metals particularly zinc, manganese and iron due to its presence in feed and water with high amount and there are positive correlation between detected heavy metals levels in poultry environment and poultry products.