الفهرس 
English abstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of food-borne disease worldwide. Most infections are zoonotic and are transmitted from food animals to humans through the ingestion of contaminated food. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of resistance genes in multi-drug resistant and ESβL Salmonella isolates, knowing identity between Salmonella isolates from different sources, identifying the best choice of antibiotics according to CLSI of Enterobacteriaceae, identifying another choice of treatment as hibiscus extracts by different solvents as the strains were MRD and applying the extract in vivo to confirm its efficiency. The result of antibiotics sensitivity indicated that the recovered Salmonella isolates were highly resistance to Amikacin , Trimethoprim +Sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin+ Clavulanic acid, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, cephalothin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Amoxicillin and Norfloxacin with percentage 100%.While On the other hand all tested isolates were sensitive to Ceftazidime and Imipenem.. ESβL test applied to the isolates and the results showed that 78.9 % of isolates were positive ESβL.PCR was designed to detect blaTEM (β-lactamases), TET (A) (Tetracycline), floR (Chloramphenicol), gyr(A) and Sul1 (Sulphonamides) genes in Salmonella resistant isolates. Testing for the resistance genes using PCR showed that 100% of the tested isolates were positive to gyrA, Sul1and TET(A) gene, while 78.9% of the tested isolates were positive to floR gene and finally 71% of the tested isolates were positive to blaTEM gene. In the present study, different Salmonella serovars from different origins were sequenced to detect the genetic differences among such isolates. The results showed genetic variations ranged from 87.5 to 99% among the recovered isolates. The methanolic, aqueous , acetonic and acetonitrilic hibiscus extracts were tested as antibacterial and the results showed that methanolic and aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdriffa didn’t show any antibacterial activity against all isolates with percentage 100 % while acetone and acetonitrilic extracts showed microbicidal activity against all 76 Salmonella strains and the results of extracts were confirmed by using experimental animals by oral administration of acetonic and acetonitrilic extracts after oral administration of the tested isolates of Salmonella and the results showed that the microbial count was low at the end of experiment at day 7. Results revealed that the tested extracts were efficient in hindrance of all isolates of Salmonella and this were approved by quantitation of Salmonella shedding by using PCR.