الفهرس 
Remote Sensing definition and applicationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The principal problem facing Egypt today resides in the discrepancy between the very rapid numerical increase of human population and the slow expansion of a relatively small area of cultivated land, that situation may lead to a sharp decline in per capita income and to a continuous lowering of the standard of living. The present work aims at using satellite images and GIS techniques for soil and land use mapping and determining their sustainability in the middle part of the Nile Delta. The study area (El-Gharbia Governorate) occupies the Middle part of the Nile Delta, Egypt. It is bounded by 30°45′20″-31°10′50″E and 30°35′10″-31°10′05″N, and covers an area of 1927.4 km2. It is subdivided into 8 distracts as following Tanta (the government capital) As- Santah, Qutour, Zefta, .Basyoun, Samanoud Al - Mahalah Al – Kobra and KafrAz – Zayat districts. To achieve the aim of this study Digital image processing was completed for two Landsat 8 satellite images acquired in May 2014 (path 177/row 38 and path 177/row 39), with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The images were pre-processed, including radiometric correction (used to modify digital values of pixels to remove ‘noise’). Images were geometrically rectified using the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) co-ordinates, with the World Geodetic System datum (WGS 1984) and then maps were constructed. Images were atmospherically corrected using the FLAASH module (ITT, 2009). Data were calibrated to radiance using the inputs of image type, acquisition date and time. Images were subject to linear stretching by 2%, filtered, and their histograms were matched, adopting the procedures of Lillesand and Kiefer (2007) and mosaicked using ENVI 5.1 software. The extraction of landform units used high spatial resolution images, so the spatial resolution of satellite image was enhanced using the data merge function of Envi 5.1 software. Merging was performed by using multispectral bands (~30 m) as low spatial resolution, and band 8(panchromatic band) with ~15 m resolution. Landform topography data were extracted using contour maps (scale 1:25,000) and enhanced satellite images. Both enhanced satellite images were processed using the DEM (Fig. 3) in ERDAS Imagine 8.7, to extract the landform information (Dobos et al., 2002).The initial landform maps were ground-truthed using field observations. The geographical information system (GIS) and the developed international Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management to evaluate the agricultural sustainability in some areas middle of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Thirty soil profiles were selected to represent the different mapping units. The soil profiles were carefully described in situ. The morphological features were recorded and soil samples were collected for laboratory analyses. The soil analyses aimed at evaluating the physical, chemical and fertility properties of these soils for the purpose of their mapping, genesis, classification, available nutrient contents. Based on the soil properties, fertility status and environmental characteristics of the investigated area the land sustainability have been estimated using the developed international Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management. The outputs data from the land evaluation were linked to the Arc GIS software were carried out to get the final soil sustainability map of the studied area.