الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tomato plants considered as the most important economic crop in
Family, Solanaceae which cultivated for local consumption and for
exportation. Tomato suffers from damages caused by many pests like
piercing sucking insects during different growth stages, which could lead
to a reduction in the quantity and quality of the crop under the Egyptian
conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted during 2014 and 2015 in
spring and summer plantations at Kafr Alrjalat village, Tukh, Qalyubiya
governorate to study the survey and seasonal activity of cotton and
tomato white fly, potato leafhopper and aphids (cotton and green peach
aphids) and their relationship to abiotic factors (maximum and minimum
temperatures and relative humidity), as well as biotic factors (associated
predator insects and plant growth stages) using two tomato cultivars (
Alissa and Super Jackal). Three sample techniques were used (yellow
sticky traps, leaves samples and sweep-net).
I. Ecological studies
1. 1. The surveyed insects
Four piercing sucking insect species belonging to four genus and
three families which belonging to one order and nine associated predatory
insect species belonging to eight genus, four families and four orders
were found during spring and summer plantations 2014 and 2015.
1.2. Seasonal abundance of piercing sucking insects infesting Alissa
and Super Jackal cultivars on tomato plants at kafr El- rjalat
village, Tukh, Qalyubiya Governorate:
1.2.1. Spring plantation
1.2.1.1. Alissa cultivar
In the first year, two peaks of Bemisia tabaci population were
recorded during April, 28th and May, 19th ( 153.75 and 103.75 individual/
three used techniques, respectively). In the second year, it had only one
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SUMMARY
Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
peak also during April, 28th being 159.25 individual. The number of B.
tabaci was significantly higher in 2014.
Two peaks of Empoasca decipiens population were detected in
2014, on 28th of April and 19th of May (174 and 115.25 individual,
respectively) while only one peak was on 28th of April (152.25 individual)
in the second year. The number of this pest was significantly higher in the
first year.
Two peaks of Aphis gossypii population were detected in the first
studied year, on 31st of March and 19th of May being 39 and 29
individual. In 2015 only one peak was detected, during 17th of March (53
individual). The number of this pest was significantly higher in 2014.
In 2014, two peaks of Myzus persicae population were recorded
during March, 31th and May, 19th ( 65 and 64.5 individual). While in
2015, one peak only was recorded during March, 17th having mean
number of 80.25 individual. No significant difference between the
number of this pest in the two studied years was found .
1.2.1.2. Super Jackal cultivar
In the first year, only one peak of Bemisia tabaci population was
recorded on May, 5th having 130.5 individual. While in 2015 this pest had
two peaks on April, 28th to May, 5th and June, 2nd ( 137.75 and 136.75
individual). Also the number of this pest was significantly higher in 2015.
In 2014, three peaks of Empoasca decipiens population were
detected on 7th and 28th of April and 19th of May (140.75, 162.5 and
104.5 individual, respectively). During 2015, only two peaks were also
recorded on 28th of April and 26th of May (163.75 and 158 individual,
respectively). The number of this insect was significantly higher in 2015.
Two peaks of Aphis gossypii population were found in 2014, on 31st
of March and 26th of May (97.75 and 56 individual, respectively). While
for 2015, only one peak was presented on 17th of March (89 individual).
The number of this pest was significantly higher in 2014.
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SUMMARY
Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
In the first year, two peaks of Myzus persicae population were
recorded on March, 31th and May 26th (61.75 and 29.5 individual,
respectively). While in 2015, only one peak was recorded on March, 24th
having 57 individual. The number of this pest was significantly higher in
the first year.
1.2.2. Summer plantation
The results indicated that Bemisia tabaci and Empoasca decipiens
were only found in summer plantation in both years, 2014&2015 and both
cultivars, Alissa and super jackal while both aphid species (Aphis gossypii
and Myzus persicae) weren’t found.
1.2.2.1. Alissa cultivar
Only one peak of Bemisia tabaci population was detected in the
first and second year, on 26th of July having 118 and 213.25 individual,
respectively. The number of this pest was significantly higher in the
second year
In the first and second years, only one peak of Empoasca decipiens
population was recorded during July, 26th having total mean number of
149.25 and 184.25 individual, respectively. The number of E. decipiens
was higher in the second year.
1.2.2.2. Super Jackal cultivar
Two peaks of Bemisia tabaci population were recorded in 2014 at
July, 19th and August 9th having 115.75 and 130 individual, respectively.
In 2015, also two peaks were recorded at July, 26th and August 9th having
233 and 220 individual, respectively. The number of this insect was
higher in the second year.
Two peaks of activity of Empoasca decipiens population abundance
were detected in 2014 during July, 26th and August 9th (120.75 and 122.25
individual, respectively). While in 2015, two peaks were recorded during
July, 12th and 26th (197.25 and 193.5 individual, respectively). The second
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SUMMARY
Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
year had significantly higher number of this insect.
Generally, the highest number of the four studied insect pests were
recorded when using yellow sticky traps (51.33 individual of insect pests /
trap), then the leaves samples (9.43 individual of pests/ leaflet) which
significantly was the same as the sweep net (9.28 individual of insect
pests/ sweep-net stroke). Also, the number of studied insect pests were
significantly higher during 2015 (26.08 individual of four insect pests)
than 2014 (20.50 individual of four insect pests). In addition, the number
of the four insect pests were higher on spring plantation (26.87 individual
of insect pests) than those recorded on summer plantation (19.72
individual of four insect pests). According to the susceptibility of
cultivars, Alissa had only 20.98 individual of insect pests while, Super
Jackal cultivar was infested with higher number of insect pests (25.64
individual of insect pests).
1.3. Effect of some ecological factors on population dynamics of
certain piercing sucking insects infesting two cultivars of tomato
plants during two successive years 2014 & 2015.
The relation of abiotic factors, maximum and minimum
temperatures and mean relative humidity (R.H %) in addition, the biotic
factors, predators and plant stage with piercing sucking insects infesting
two cultivars of tomato plants during two successive years was studied.
1.3.1. Spring plantation
1.3.1.1. Alissa cultivar
The vegetation stage had a significant positive relation only in first
year (r = 0.82) with the seasonal fluctuations of B. tabaci. Also, for
predators, N. tenuis and C. undecimpunctata had significant positive
relations in the first year with B. tabaci population (r values =0.79 and
0.77, respectively). In the second year, N. tenuis and Ch. carnea showed a
significant positive relations with this insect population (r = 0.87 and
0.76, respectively). The combined effect of the studied factors (E.V.)
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SUMMARY
Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
showed 98.3% and 97.7 % effects, respectively on the population of B.
tabaci ( nymphs+adults) in both years, respectively.
For predator, Ch. carnea had significant positive relation (”r” value
= 0.79) with E. decipiens numbers in the second year. C.
undecimpunctata had only strong significant positive correlation during
the first year (r= 0.82).The percentage of explained variance (E.V.) in
both years were 93.48 % and 87.66 %, respectively.
The aphid (A. gossypii + M. persicae) numbers correlated
significantly negative with minimum temperature in 2014 (r= -0.5). In
2015, significant negative correlation of maximum and minimum
temperatures with the seasonal fluctuations of aphid, were found (”r”
values = -0.76 and -0.72, respectively. The mean percentage of relative
humidity had significant positive correlation in both years with aphid
numbers (”r” values were 0.66 and 0.74, respectively). For plant stages,
they had significant negative correlation in second year (”r” value=-0.94,
-0.86 and -0.77, respectively). For predators, Ch. carnea had significant
negative relation (r= -0.67) in the second year. While, C.
undecimpunctata showed significant negative correlation in the first year
(r = -0.63). The combined effect of these factors as a group (E.V.)
affected with 94.42% and 99.85 % on aphid in both years, respectively.
1.3.1.2. Super Jackal cultivar
In the second year, significant positive of maximum temperature
and significant negative of relative humidity relations were found with the
seasonal fluctuations of B. tabaci (r = 0.58 and -0.83, respectively ).For
the plant stage, vegetation and flowering stages had significant positive
relations in the second year (r values = 0.67 and 0.54, respectively). For
predators, N. tenuis and Ch. carnea, had significant positive relations
where ”r” values were 0.73 and 0.61, respectively in the second year. The
predator, C. undecimpunctata had significant positive correlation with the
pest number in both years (”r” values were 0.65 and 0.87, respectively).
On the other hand, significant positive correlation was found (r= 0.60) for
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SUMMARY
Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
C. septempunctata in the first year. The combined effect of these factors
as a group (E.V.) affected with 97.45% and 91.23 % on this pest in both
years, respectively.
The mean percentage of relative humidity had significant negative
relation in the second year with this pest (r=-0.74). The vegetation stage
had significant positive relation in the second year (”r” value =0.59). For
predators, Ch. carnea had only significant positive relation with E.
decipiens numbers (r value = 0.56) in the second year, while, C.
undecimpunctata had significant positive correlation during both years
(”r” values = 0.58 and 0.82, respectively). The predator C.
septempunctata had only significant positive association in the first year
(r value=0.62). The percentages of explained variance (E.V.) for all
factors in both years were 92.51 % and 81.03 %, respectively.
Significant negative correlation of maximum and minimum
temperatures was found with the seasonal fluctuations of aphid (A.
gossypii + M. persicae) in both years, where ”r” values were -0.73 and -
0.69 for 2014 and -0.72 and -0.66 for 2015, respectively. On the other
hand, the mean percentage of relative humidity had significant positive
relation in both years ( ”r” values = 0.75 and 0.78, respectively). For plant
stage, the vegetation stage had significant negative correlation in both
years, ( ”r” values = -0.62 and – 0.90, respectively). The flowering and
fruiting stages had only significant negative relations in the second year
(”r” values = -0.81&- 0.71, respectively). For predators, Ch. carnea and
C. undecimpunctata had significant negative correlation in second year
with this pests (r value = -0.81 and -0.53, respectively), while Sc. syriacus
had significant negative correlation in both years (”r” values were -0.53
and -0.50, respectively). The combined effect of these factors as a group
(E.V) showed 92.91% and 99.91 % in both years, respectively