الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
• A number of multivariate risk models have been developed for estimating the risk of cardiovascular events in apparently healthy, asymptomatic individuals based upon assessment of multiple variables. While all of the risk models have advantages and disadvantages, no single risk model will be appropriate for all patients. The choice of a specific risk model for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment should be individualized based on patient-specific characteristics (eg, age, gender, ethnicity). However, experts feel that the use of risk models which predict hard events (ie, death, myocardial infarction [MI], stroke) are preferred over those which include other endpoints (ie, revascularization).[172]
• Patients aged 20 years or older without established CVD should undergo periodic cardiovascular risk assessment every three to five years. Periodic risk assessment offers the opportunity to identify CVD risk factors and offer guidance on the appropriate management of specific risk factors (eg, dietary modifications for hypertension or dyslipidemia, etc) and overall CVD risk (eg, maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, etc). It is unknown at what age periodic risk assessment should no longer be performed. [172]
• Certain individuals with established CVD or CVD risk equivalents are known to be at high risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and should be treated with appropriate secondary prevention measures.
• All of the risk models are subject to limitations, the most important of which is the CVD risk prediction over a defined period of time .