الفهرس 
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Abstract
Opiate abuse may result in hypogonadism, primarily by decrease in release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), testosterone deficiency and infertility. It was reported that chronic administration of tramadol caused reproduction dysfunction nd The current study was designed to investigate the tissue damages of testis, ovary and uterus following administration of tramadol in male and female mature albino rats and the effect of withdrawal of the druofindings found in these organs.in this study, thirty adult male and thirty adult female albino rats weighs approximately 150 gm. (± 5 gm.) were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups with 6 male and 6 female rats in each group. Then tested rats were scarified and histo-pathological examination was done for testes, ovaries and uterus.In our study tramadol possessed its hazardous effects on male and female reproductive system after one month of daily administration, which could be assessed through histopthological examination. Tramadol-treated male rats showed focal disorganization of seminiferous tubules with marked depletion of the spermatogenic cell populations. Many of the seminiferous tubules lacked sperm, spermatids and secondary spermatocytes. Exfoliation of the damaged spermatocytes and spermatids were detected within the tubular lumina of many seminiferous tubules. The intertubular connective tissue become hyalinized and showed comparative reduction of interstitial cells. These effects were increased by increasing the dose of tramadol administrated to the rats (group B). After stoppage of the drug for two weeks (groups WA& WB) most of these hazardous effects started to regress, some of them returned completely to normal and some showed recovery but not full recovery. Tramadol-treated female rats showed damage of the growing follicles. Many of the mature follicles appeared atretic in the form of cystic-like structure. Atretic follicles possessed granulosa cells with the apparent increase of pyknosis and deformed antral cavity. The stroma showed the abundant increase of fibroblast activity. There was also atrophy of uterine endometrial glands. These effects were significantly increased with doubling the dose of tramadol (group D) and significantly improved by withdrawal (groups WC & WD).Little literatures were concerned about effect of tramadol on female reproductive system and withdrawal effect as well, so we need more researches to enhance our results concerning the effect of tramadol on female fertility and the possibility of its reversibility. It is concluded from histopathological examination of adult albino rats testes, ovaries and uterus in our study that, tramadol has remarkable effect on male and female reproductive system, which could affect fertility. These hazardous effects can be reversed after withdrawal of the drug, which means that these effects are not permanent; the recovery can be complete or incomplete according to the dose of tramadol administrated and the time of withdrawal as well.