الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out during two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 on Flame Seedless grapevines cultivars. The vines were grown at Afak farm located at Balat district, New Valley Governorate, Egypt. The vineyard soil is silty clay and was irrigated through drip irrigation system.
The vines were 6 years old, grown at 1.5x3 meters apart under drip irrigation. The vines trained according to double cordon system and supported with Gable shape. Pruning was carried out at the second week of December by leaving 16 fruiting spurs with three buds and 6 renewal spurs with two buds. All vines received the standard agricultural practices that are used in the vineyard including spraying dormex and pest control. The chosen vines were of normal growth, uniform in vigor and were divided into three groups to carry out three experiments.
The first experiment:
The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of fertilization and irrigation managements on growth and yield.
The experiment was arranged in a split plot complete randomized block design with four replications per treatment, three vines each. Two factors were included in this study, the first was fertilization treatments which arranged in the main plots and the second was water regime treatments which occupied the sub-plots.
The fertilization treatments including three level (60, 80 & 100%/vine) of N, P and K recommendation rates.
The treatments on vines were as follows:
Amount of each applicated fertilizing in each season.
Treat. % Actual unit/faddan/season Fertilizer g/vine/season
N P2O5 K2O N P K
CH4N2O H3PO4 K2SO4
1 60 43.2 25.3 32.4 103.2 33.1 70.9
2 80 57.6 33.7 42.5 137.6 44.2 94.6
3 100 72.0 42.2 53.2 172.0 55.2 118.2
Three irrigation treatments including control were carried out, where each vine irrigated either (75, 100 or 125%) of the estimated vine water requirement.
The treatments on vines were as follows:
Number of irrigation water/week and total amount/month of a vine and total amount of given irrigation water (m3/water/year) during two studied seasons.
No. irrigated/ week Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug.
1 2 3 4 6 6 6 6
75% 56.6 113.25 170.25 226.87 340.12 340.12 340.12 340.12
100% control) 75.5 151.0 227 302.5 453.5 453.5 453.5 453.5
125% 94.37 189.37 283.75 378.12 566.87 566.87 566.87 566.87
No. irrigated/ week Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. T. m3/ vine/
year T. m3/
feddan/year
5 4 2 1
75% 283.5 226.87 113.25 56.6 3.73 2607.75
100% (control) 378 302.5 151.0 75.5 4.97 3477
125% 472.5 283.12 189.37 94.37 6.21 4346.25
The following measurements were determined during two studied seasons:
1- Some vegetative growth parameters and nutrient state of vine.
2- Yield and yield components.
3- Cluster and berry characteristic.
The results could be summarized as follow:
1- Leaf area and pruning wood weight:
Using fertilization program at either 80 or 100% out of recommended dose (RDF) of nutrients significantly increased the leaf area and annual pruning wood weight compared to using RD at 60% during the two studied seasons. Raising the nutrients concentrations from 80% to 100% failed to show any measurable increased in such studied traits.
The leaf area and pruning wood weight significantly increased when irrigation level was 100 or 125% compared to 75% of the estimated amount water (EAW). Raising the estimated water amount from 100 to 125% failed to show any significant increase in such growth traits.
The leaf area and pruning wood weight significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values were obtained in vines that fertilized with either 80 or 100 of RDF and irrigated by either 100% or 125% of EAW for Flame Seedless grapevines. No significant differences due to use any fertigation with 80 or 100 of out recommended doses of fertilization (RDF) with irrigation by 75 or 100% of out estimated amount of water (EAW).
2- Leaf nutrient contents:
Using fertilization program at either 80 or 100% out of recommended dose (RDF) of nutrients significantly increased (N, P and K%) compared to using RD at 60% during the two studied seasons. Raising the nutrients concentrations from 80% to 100% failed to show any measurable increased in such studied nutrients contents.
The leaf content of nutrients, i.e., N, P and K were significantly increased when irrigation level was 100 or 125% compared to 75% of the estimated amount water (EAW). Raising the estimated water amount from 100 to 125% failed to show any significant increase in such nutrients.
Leaf of nutrient contents significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values were obtained in vines that fertilized with either 80 or 100 of RDF and irrigated by either 100% or 125 of EAW for Flame Seedless grapevines. Moreover, no significant differences due to use any fertigation with 75 or 100 of out recommended doses of fertilization (RDF) with irrigation by 75 or 100 of out estimated amount of water (EAW).
3- Yield/vine:
Using fertilization program at either 80 or 100% out of recommended dose (RDF) of nutrients significantly increased the yield (kg)/vine compared to using RD at 60%. Raising the nutrients concentrations from 80% to 100% failed to show any measurable increased in the yield (kg)/vine.
The yield was significantly increased when irrigation level was 100 or 125% compared to 75% of the estimated amount water (EAW). Raising the estimated water amount from 100 to 125% failed to show any significant increase in yield/vine. Moreover, the irrigation treatments were more effective on yield than fertilization treatments. The yield/vine significantly responded to the interaction. The heaviest yield was obtained on vines that fertigated with either 80 or 100% of RDF and either 100 or 125% of EAW. Moreover, no significant differences due to use any fertigation with 75 or 100 of out recommended doses of fertilization (RDF) with irrigation by 75 or 100 of out estimated amount of water (EAW).
4- Cluster weight, cluster length and berry number/cluster:
Using fertilization program at either 80 or 100% out of recommended dose (RDF) of nutrients significantly increased the weight and length of cluster compared to using RD at 60%. Whereas, the berries number per cluster did not change significantly as influenced by any fertilization program used. Hence, the cluster coefficient and shot berries were significantly decreased compared to use RD at 60%. Raising the nutrients concentrations from 80% to 100% failed to show any measurable increased or decreased in such studied traits.
The cluster weights and its length were significantly increased when irrigation level was 100 or 125% compared to 75% of the estimated amount water (EAW). On other hand, the cluster coefficient and shot berries percentage were significantly decreased when irrigation level was 100 or 125% compared to 75% of the estimated amount water (EAW). Whereas, the berries number per cluster was insignificantly affected by different irrigation level used. Raising the estimated water amount from 100 to 125% failed to show any significant increase or decrease in such cluster traits.
The cluster traits were significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values of weight and length of cluster and the least values of cluster coefficient were obtained in vines that fertilized with either 80 or 100 of RDF and irrigated by either 100% or 125% of EAW coefficient and shot berries percentage. Moreover, no significant differences due to use any fertigation with 80 or 100 of out recommended doses of fertilization (RDF) with irrigation by 75 or 100% of out estimated amount of water (EAW).
5- Berry quality:
Using fertilization program at either 80 or 100% out of recommended dose (RDF) of nutrients significantly increased the berry weight, total soluble solids (TSS) and reducing sugars compared to using RD at 60%. In addition, no significant difference were observed between fertilization application regarding titratable acid. Raising the nutrients concentrations from 80% to 100% failed to show any measurable increased in such studied traits.
The berry weight, TSS and reducing sugar contents significantly increased when irrigation level was 100 or 125% compared to 75% of the estimated amount water (EAW). No significant difference in titratable acid due to any irrigation level. Raising the estimated water amount from 100 to 125% failed to show any significant increase in such berry traits.
The berry weight, TSS and reducing sugar percentage significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values were obtained on vines that fertilized with either 80 or 100 of RDF and irrigated by either 100 or 125% of EAW for Flame Seedless grapevines. Moreover, no significant differences due to use any fertigation with 80 or 100 of out recommended doses of fertilization (RDF) with irrigation by 100 or 125 of out estimated amount of water (EAW).
The second experiment:
The objective of this experiment was to study the possibility of using bio-fertilization partially instead of completed mineral fertilizers on growth and fruiting. The treatments were as follows:
1- The application of 75% mineral nitrogen plus 25% yeast, as bio-form.
2- The application of 75% mineral nitrogen plus 25% bio-power
3- The application of 50% mineral nitrogen plus 50% yeast.
4- The application of 50% mineral nitrogen plus 50% bio-power.
5- The application of 25% mineral nitrogen plus 50% yeast plus 25% bio-power.
6- The application of 25% mineral nitrogen plus 50% bio-power plus 25% yeast.
7- The application of 100% mineral nitrogen (control).
The following measurements were determined during two studied seasons:
1- Some vegetative growth parameters and nutrient state of vine.
2- Yield and yield components.
3- Cluster and berry characteristic.
The results could be summarized as follow:
1- Effect of different nitrogen fertilization sources on pruning wood weight and leaf area:
Growth parameter were significantly affected by application of mineral plus bio-fertilization compared with using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) via mineral N source alone.
The maximum values of pruning wood weight and leaf area were recorded on the vines that were fertilized with the required N as 25% in a mineral N from along 25% in yeast as a bio-form plus 50% in a bio-fertilizer a bio-mex. On other hand, the lowest values of these growth traits were recorded on the vines that were treated with 100% mineral N (check treatment).
2- Effect of different nitrogen fertilization sources the percentage of N, P and K in the leaves:
Application of required N through 25-75% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) along with using 50 to 25% of bio-form as yeast (Y) or bio-mex (B) significantly increased parentage of N, P and K in leaves compared to use RDN via mineral N fertilizer only
The maximum values of leaves N, P and K percentage were recorded in the leaves of vines that fertilized with RDN via 25% mineral N and 25% yeast plus 50% bio-mex as a bio-fertilizer (T6). On other hand, the lowest values were recorded in the leaves of vines that fertilized with 100% mineral-N.
3- Effect of different nitrogen fertilization sources on yield:
Application of the required N through using 25 to 75% of RDN as mineral-N along with using 25 or 50% as a bio-fertilizer as either yeast (Y) or bio-mex significantly increased the number of cluster and yield/vine compared to using RDN only as a mineral-N fertilizers. The promotion on yield/vine was associated with increasing the applied level of the bio-form from 25 to 50%. Moreover, application of the suitable amount of N via 25% as a mineral combined with bio-mex significantly stimulated the yield more than mineral and N application with yeast as a bio-form.
4- Effect of different nitrogen fertilization sources on cluster traits:
Fertilized with mineral-N plus bio-fertilizers significantly increased the weight and length of cluster and number of berries per cluster compared with using mineral-N source only. Since the length of cluster and number of berries were increased, hence the compactness coefficient of cluster insignificantly affected compared to check treatments.
The heaviest, longest and highest number of berries per cluster were recorded on vines that fertilized with RDN via 25% mineral N and 25% yeast as bio-form plus 50% bio-mex as a bio-fertilizer. On other hand, the least values of these cluster traits were obtained on clusters from vines that fertilized with 100% mineral-N.
5- Effect of different nitrogen fertilization sources on some physical and chemical properties of the berries:
Application of required N through 25-75% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) along with using 25 to 50% of bio-form as with either yeast (Y) or bio-mex as (B) significantly improved the berry quality in terms of increasing the berry weight, TSS, reducing sugars and anthocyanin contents and significantly and decreasing total acidity compared to use RDN via mineral N fertilizer only.
The third experiment:
This experiment aimed to study the effect of spraying GA3, urea and active dry yeast on fruiting of Flame Seedless grapevines.
The experimental vines were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications per treatment two vines each. Thus, the treatments were as follow:
1- Control (sprayed with water only).
2- GA3 at 5 ppm sprayed when cluster length was about (10-12 cm) for elongation.
3- GA3 at 5 ppm dipping when cluster length was about (10-12 cm) for elongation.
4- 2% urea sprayed when cluster length was about (10-12 cm) for elongation.
5- GA3 three times spraying at 5 ppm for elongation followed by twice GA3 at 5, 7.5 ppm sprayed during full bloom (80 and 100% of the flowers caps, dropped) during the successive three days, respectively for berry thinning.
6- GA3 two times dipping, once at 5 ppm for elongation followed by once GA3 at 5 ppm for berry thinning.
7- 2% urea spraying for elongation followed by 2.5% urea for berry thinning.
8- GA3 six times spraying, once at 5 ppm for elongation, followed by twice GA3 at 5, 7.5 ppm for thinning and other thrice 30, 30, 20 ppm of GA3 when berry diameter reached about 6 mm (pea stage) for size increasing.
9- GA3 three times spraying, once at 5 ppm for elongation, followed by twice 5 ، 7.5 ppm of GA3 for berry thinning and then 0.4% yeast for size increasing.
10- GA3 three times dipping, once at 5 ppm for elongation followed by once GA3 at 5 ppm for berry thinning and then once GA3 at 20 ppm for size increasing.
11- GA3 two times dipping, once at 5 ppm for elongation followed by once GA3 at 5 ppm for berry thinning and then 0.4% yeast for size increasing.
12- 2% urea spraying for elongation followed by 2.5% urea for berry thinning and then 0.4% yeast for size increasing.
The following traits were measured:
1- Berry set and yield.
2- Cluster and berry characteristic.
The results could be summarized as follow:
Single or combined spraying of GA3 and urea at full bloom significantly decreased the berry set percentage compared to untreated ones or that sprayed once for cluster elongation. On other hand, single or combined GA3 and active dry yeast spraying after berry set significantly increased the yield/vine compared to other treatments and unsprayed ones (control). GA3 spraying suppressed the yeast spraying concerning yield/vine, but had insignificant differences compared to active dry yeast.
All treatments improved the cluster traits in terms of increasing cluster weight and decreasing the shot berries percentage and compactness coefficient.
Using GA3 or urea at pre-bloom significantly increased the cluster length, whereas, using them at full-bloom significantly decreased the berries number per cluster compared to untreated one (control), hence significantly decreased compactness coefficient of cluster and produced loose clusters.
Moreover, spraying either GA3 or active dry yeast after berry set singly or combination were increased the cluster weight compared to control or other treatments. Insignificant differences were observed between used GA3 or urea for cluster elongation and berry thinning, as well as used GA3 or yeast after berry set for sizing.
GA3 and urea spraying at pre-bloom and full bloom, and followed by GA3 or active dry yeast spray after berry set significantly improved the Flame Seedless grapes quality in terms of increasing berry weight, total soluble solids, reducing sugars and anthocyanin in berry skin compared to untreated ones.
Using singly yeast spraying or GA3 plus yeast for sizing had the highest berry weight and size with best chemical juice quality compared to GA3 only.
Conclusion:
On account of the obtained results one can confirm:
1- Fertilizing the Flame Seedless vines with 80% of RDF to get the highest yield with good quality and very useful in saving N fertilization cost and reducing nitrate pollution.
2- The beneficial use of drip irrigation and fertigation to produce the grape under the sandy soil, since to improve the water and fertilizer efficiency.
3- In additional, 2782-3477 m3/water/feddan/year may be adequate to gain high vine productivity.
4- Using urea and yeast more effective to overcome the adverse effects of using GA3 at high concentration, i.e. delay the berry ripening and reduce full coloration. These treatments very necessary to produce heavy and less compact cluster and hasten the ripening as well as improving the weight, size, colouration and taste of Flame Seedless berries. These advantage will eventually enable growers to obtain highly marketable surrounding and overseas markets.